%0 Thesis %B School of Natural Resources %D 2007 %T Fire History and Fire Climate Relationships in Upper Elevation Forests of the Southwestern United States %A Margolis, Ellis Quinn %Y Swetnam, T. %K AMO %K climate %K dendrochronology %K dendroclimatology %K ENSO %K environment %K fire %K fire history %K forest %K madrean sky islands %K mogollon plateau %K mountain %K PDO %K southwest %K teleconnection %K tree ring %K upper elevation %K Watershed Management %X

Fire history and fire-climate relationships of upper elevation forests of the southwestern United States are imperative for informing management decisions in the face of increased crown fire occurrence and climate change. I used dendroecological techniques to reconstruct fires and stand-replacing fire patch size in Madrean Sky Islands and Mogollon Plateau. Reconstructed patch size (1685-1904) was compared with contemporary patch size (1996-2004). Reconstructed fires at three sites had stand-replacing patches totaling > 500 ha. No historical stand-replacing fire patches were evident in the mixed conifer/aspen forests of the Sky Islands. Maximum stand-replacing fire patch size of modern fires (1129 ha) was greater than that reconstructed from aspen (286 ha) and spruce-fir (521 ha). Updated spruce-fir patches may be evidence of larger (>2000ha) stand-replacing fire patches.

To provide climatological context for fire history I used correlation and regionalization analyses to document spatial and temporal variability in climate regions, and El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO) teleconnections using 273 tree-ring chronologies (1732-1979). Four regions were determined by common variability in annual ring width. The component time score series replicate spatial variability in 20th century droughts (e.g., 1950’s) and pluvials (e.g., 1910’s). Two regions were significantly correlated with instrumental SOI and AMO, and three with PDO. Sub-regions within the southwestern U.S. varied geographically between the instrumental (1900-1979) and the pre-instrumental periods (1732-1899). Mapped correlations between ENSO, PDO and AMO, and tree-ring indices illustrate detailed sub-regional variability in teleconnections.

I analyzed climate teleconnections, and fire-climate relationships of historical upper elevation fires from 16 sites in 8 mountain ranges. I tested for links between Palmer Drought Severity Index and tree-ring reconstructed ENSO, PDO and AMO phases (1905-1978 and 1700-1904). Upper elevation fires (115 fires, 84 fire years, 1623-1904) were compared with climate indices. ENSO, PDO, and AMO affected regional PDSI, but AMO and PDO teleconnections changed between periods. Fire occurrence was significantly related to inter-annual variability in PDSI, precipitation, ENSO, and phase combinations of ENSO and PDO, but not AMO (1700-1904). Reduced upper elevation fire (1785-1840) was coincident with a cool AMO phase.

%B School of Natural Resources %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V Ph.D %P 182 %G English %U http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1375523671&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD. %9 Dissertation %0 Thesis %B Department of Renewable Natural Resources %D 2003 %T Stand Replacing Fire History and Aspen Ecology in the Upper Rio Grande Basin %A Margolis, Ellis Quinn %Y Swetnam, T. %K aspen %K basin %K colorado %K conifer %K dendrochronology %K dendroecology %K Ecology %K fire %K fire history %K new mexico %K rio grande %K spruce fir %K stand replacing %K tree ring %X

Dendroecological techniques were applied to reconstruct stand-replacing fire history in mixed conifer and spruce-fir forests in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. Stand-replacing fire dates with annual accuracy and precision were determined using four lines of evidence for each of twelve sites within a 75,000 square kilometer area. The four lines of evidence were: (1) aspen inner-ring dates, (2) conifer death dates, (3) tree-ring width changes, or other morphological indicators of injury, and (4) fire scars. The annual precision of dating allowed the identification of significant synchrony of stand replacing fires among the 12 sites and regional surface fire events previously reconstructed from the large network of fire scar collections in the Southwest. Nearly all of these synchronous stand-replacing and surface fire years coincided with extreme droughts. This suggests that stand-replacing fire activity occurred primarily when drought conditions allowed fires to ignite and spread within these high elevation forests and/or for the spread of surface fires between lower and upper elevations. Fifty percent of reconstructed stand-replacing fires pre-dated large-scale Euro-American settlement in this region. This may suggest that land use practices (such as logging and mining) were not as important in promoting stand-replacing fires in these study sites, as compared with other areas in Colorado.

%B Department of Renewable Natural Resources %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V Master of Science %P 94 %G English %0 Thesis %B Geoscience %D 2001 %T Spatial Relationships in Frost-Damaged High-Elevation Pines and Links to Major Volcanic Eruptions %A Hallman, Christine Lee %K atmosphere circulation %K damage %K dendrochronology %K dendroclimatology %K frost %K high elevation %K pine %K polar outbreak %K relationship %K spacial %K tree ring %K tree-ring %K volcanic eruption %X

 

 

Frost injury in the annual growth rings of pines growing at upper treeline is a consequence of sudden freezing temperatures during the growing season (LaMarche & Hirschboeck 1984). This updated and spatially extensive frost-ring study involves the systematic identification of frost rings in high-elevation pines located in 16 western USA tree-ring sites whose chronologies range from 1692 BC to AD 2000. Several "notable frost events" were identified, based on the criteria of frost damage occurring in greater than 25% of trees at a given site and in two or more sites. The spatial variations between frost events indicate regional variations based on differences in elevation, latitude, and the location of polar outbreaks and their associated upper-level atmosphere circulation patterns. The 17 notable frost events correspond to previous frost ring and light ring evidence, and 13 of them are associated with climatically effective volcanic eruptions.

%B Geoscience %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V MS %P 67 %0 Thesis %B School of Renewable Natural Resources %D 1999 %T Tree-Ring Reconstruction of Western Spruce Budworm Outbreaks in the Rio Grande National Forest, Colorado %A Ryerson, Daniel E. %Y Swetnam, T. %K colorado %K dendrochronology %K department of agriculture %K forest service %K national forest %K outbreak %K palmer drought severity index %K RGNF %K rio grande %K tree ring %K western spruce budworm %X

 

Tree-ring records were used to reconstruct the spatial and temporal patterns of western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) outbreaks in the Rio Grande National Forest (RGNF) of southern Colorado. Reconstructions at 11 host stands showed a synchronous pattern of outbreaks with a peak in the number of trees recording outbreaks over the entire RGNF on average every 24 years. These synchronous periods of outbreaks coincided with periods of increased moisture as indicated by an independently reconstructed summer Palmer Drought Severity Index, while relatively few trees recorded outbreaks during dry periods. The reconstruction on the RGNF does not support the hypothesis that human land use has significantly altered outbreak patterns. Tree response to outbreaks in the RGNF was different from prior studies as reductions in the growth were typically detectable only when growth was compared to that of nonhost tree species.

%B School of Renewable Natural Resources %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V Master of Science %P 97 %G English %0 Thesis %B Geoscience %D 1997 %T A Dendrochronological Record of Pandora Moth (Coloradia Pandora, Blake) Outbreaks in Central Oregon %A Speer, James Hardy %K Coloradia pandora %K dendrochronology %K entomology %K fire %K fire history %K growth %K insect %K Oregon %K outbreak %K pandora moth %K phytophagous %K ponderosa pine %K ring-width %K tree ring %X Pandora moth (Coloradia Pandora Blake) is a phytophagous insect, defoliating ponderosa pine trees in the western United States. However, long-term studies of this insect and its effects on the forest ecosystem have not been conducted. Using dendrochronological techniques, I examined past timing and intensity of defoliation through its effects on radial growth of trees in the forests of south central Oregon. Pandora moth leaves a distinctive ring-width "signature" that was easily identifiable in the wood. The growth for the first year of the signature was half the normal ring-width with narrow latewood. The following two years produced extremely narrow rings, with the entire suppression lasting from 4 to 18 years. Twenty-two individual outbreaks were reconstructed from this 620 year chronology. I found that pandora moth outbreaks were episodic in individual sites, with a return interval of 9 to 156 years. Conversely, on the regional scale of south central Oregon, outbreaks demonstrated a 37-year periodicity. On average, pandora moth defoliation caused a 29% mean periodic growth reduction in defoliated ponderosa pine trees. Spread maps of the first year that sites demonstrated suppression were plotted revealing an apparent annual spread of the outbreaks. Examination of a fire history on one pandora moth outbreak site suggested that pandora moth outbreaks delay fire by interrupting the needle fall needed for fire spread. Superposed epoch analysis showed that the year that the outbreak was first recorded was significantly dry and the fourth year prior was significantly wet. Therefore, climate may be a triggering factor in pandora moth outbreaks. The stem analysis demonstrated that the percent volume reduction was the greatest at the base of the tree and declined further up the bole. The percent volume reduction in the canopy of the trees was variable with outlying high and low values. THe mean volume reduction per outbreak was .053 m3 per tree. Although this insect is considered a forest pest and causes inconvenience for people living nearby, pandora moth is not as widespread and damaging as some other phytophagous insects. However, its very distinctive ring-width signature and the length of the ponderosa pine record enables reconstruction of very long outbreak histories, which may deepen our understanding of the interaction between defoliating insects and their ecosystem. %B Geoscience %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V MS %P 159 %G English %0 Thesis %B School of Renewable Natural Resources %D 1997 %T Fire Histories of Upper Elevation Forests in the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico via Fire Scar and Stand Age Structure Analyses %A Abolt,Rena Ann Peck %Y Swetnam, T. %K dendrochronology %K fire %K fire regime %K fire scar %K gila wilderness %K new mexico %K stand age %K suppression %K tree ring %K upper elevation %X

 

Fire-scar analysis to identify fire events and stand age structure analysis to identify fire effects on survivorship of trees were used to reconstruct surface and crown fire regimes in upper elevation forests of the Gila Wilderness, NM. Fire regimes varied across forest type, but not necessarily across elevation. Prior to the twentieth century, (from 1706 to 1904), the mean interval for large fires was 8 years. During the twentieth century, (from 1904 to 1995), the mean fire return interval for large fires was 46 years. The virtual end of historically frequent fire regimes due to livestock grazing and fire suppression since the turn of the century has affected successional pathways of forest types across elevations, favoring later successional forest species and structures.

%B School of Renewable Natural Resources %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V Master of Science %P 120 %G English %0 Thesis %B Department of Renewable Natural Resources %D 1995 %T A Dendroecological Assessment of Whitebark Pine in the Sawtooth Salmon River Region Idaho %A Perkins, Dana Lee %Y Swetnam, T. %K dendrochronology %K dendroclimatology %K dendroctonus ponderosae %K dendroecology %K idaho %K pine beetle %K pinus albicaulis %K sawtooth salmon river %K tree ring %K whitebark pine %X

Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) tree-ring chronologies of 700 to greater than 1,000 years in length were developed for four sites in the Sawtooth-Salmon River region, central Idaho. These ring-width chronologies are used to (1) assess the dendrochronological characteristics of this species, (2) detect annual mortality dates of whitebark pine attributed to a widespread mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk.) epidemic during the 1909 to 1940 period, and (3) establish the response of whitebark pine tree ring-width growth to climate variables. Crossdating of whitebark pine tree-ring width patterns was verified. Ring-width indices had low mean sensitivity (0.123-0.174) typical of high elevation conifers in western North America, and variable first order autocorrelation (0.206-0.551). Mortality of dominant whitebark pine caused by mountain pine beetle had a maxima at 1930 on all four sites. Response functions and correlation analyses with state divisional weather records indicate that above average radial growth is positively correlated with winter and spring precipitation and inversely correlated with April temperature. These correlations appear to be a response to seasonal snowpack. Whitebark pine is a promising species for dendroclimatic studies.

%B Department of Renewable Natural Resources %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V Master of Science %P 56 %G English %0 Book %D 1993 %T A Directory of Tree-Ring Dated Native American Sites in the American Southwest %A Robinson, William J. %A Ronald H. Towner %K apache %K Archaeology %K dating %K dendrochronology %K directory %K Geography %K native american %K navajo %K Pueblo %K quandrangle %K site %K southwest %K tree ring %K ute %I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %8 09/1993 %G English %0 Book %D 1991 %T A Directory of Tree-Ring Dated Prehistoric Sites in the American Southwest %A Robinson, William J. %A Catherine M. Cameron %K Archaeology %K dendrochrononology %K directory %K native american %K Prehistoric %K quadrangle series %K site %K southwest %K tree ring %I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %0 Thesis %B Department of Geography %D 1989 %T A Dendrochronological Study of the Great Salt Lake Basin %A Connie Woodhouse %K climatic variability %K dendrochronology %K dendroclimatology %K Geography %K great salt lake basin %K indices %K precipitation %K salt lake %K temperature %K tree ring %X

To date, no tree-ring chronologies have been generated for the Great Salt Lake basin. There is evidence of a winter air mass boundary across this area. Since the region receives a precipitation maximum in the winter and spring, information about boundary location variability would be useful. Tree-ring widths may be related to climatic variables and provide a record of past climate.

Four tree-ring chronologies in the four corners of the Great Salt Lake basin were generated using standard dendrochronological techniques. Precipitation and temperature data for the area were regionalized and tree-ring indices were correlated with regional temperature seasons and with precipitation regions and seasons. The chronologies were factor analyzed for the period of common growth, 1593-1985, and broken down into seven overlapping one hundred-year periods.

During the period for which there are weather records, tree growth in the northwest site was correlated with temperature variables, while in the other three sites, tree growth was mostly correlated with precipitation. The results of the factor analysis of the chronologies for the seven time periods were consistent with the correlation results. The results also indicate a similar pattern of variation of growth for the time periods of 1593-1650 and 1825-1940.

The four Great Basin chronology sites are located in a unique region and may be used to learn about climatic variability in this area.

%B Department of Geography %I University of Utah %C Salt Lake City %V Master of Science %P 77 %8 03/1989 %G English %0 Report %D 1988 %T Tree-Ring Studies of the Pueblo de Acoma: A Preliminary Report Supplement No. 1 %A Robinson, William J. %K anthropology %K dendrochronology %K new mexico %K pueblo de acoma %K rehabilitation %K sky city %K tree ring %X

INTRODUCTION

A second collection trip was made to the Pueblo de Acoma the week of October 12, 1987. The crew consisted of the author and Jeffrey S. Dean, both from the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research.

The purpose of the trip was to complete those units in Area H that had been bypassed in April 1987. However, since the expected HUD funding had not yet been received, the Restoration Project was not active and the Area H units were still unavailable. As a consequence, only a single unit was cored in Area H with the remainder of the work done in Area F and Area C.

In addition, we had the opportunity to survey Cebolleta Mesa and adjacent areas for living trees, particularly pinyon (Pinus edulis), that might be old enough to overlap with the beams cut in the mid 1600s. This of course would mean trees of an age class of 350 – 400 years; not impossible for pinyon, but relatively rare. We located two sites, one near Indian Lake on Cebolleta Mesa and one at Mesa Negra Spring at the western edge of the reservation. Both sites should be tested for tree age to determine if full coring is warranted.

For both these activities, coring at Sky City and reconnaissance, we were accompanied by Marvin C. Garcia and Dwight Lucario. Our accomplishments are due in large part to their helpfulness and good humor.

%I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %8 01/1988 %G English %0 Report %D 1988 %T Tree-Ring Studies of the Pueblo de Acoma: A Preliminary Report Supplement No. 2 %A Robinson, William J. %K anthropology %K dendrochronology %K new mexico %K pueblo de acoma %K rehabilitation %K sky city %K tree ring %X

INTRODUCTION

Two final collection trips were made to the Pueblo de Acoma the week of May 15, 1988 and the week of July 19, 1988. The crew again consisted of the author and Jeffrey S. Dean, both from the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research.

Once again the purpose of the trips was to complete work in Area H that had been bypassed on previous visits. This work was in fact completed during the second trip, but the May trip was diverted to work in Area A and Area B because Area H was not yet cleared of household goods. We were fortunate during the May visit to locate a number of structures, uninvolved with the Restoration Project, whose owners gave us permission to core.

A considerable amount of time on both trips was spent comparing the plans of the Restoration Project with the plans drawn by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1934 (Nabokov 1986; see reference in the initial report). As a result, a concordance of the numbering systems was developed (Table 2) to serve as a measure of architectural chance between 1934 and 1988. One unit could not be identified with any certainty and the units in Area F are less than certain. All others are, however, clearly cross referenced.

%I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %8 08/1988 %G English %0 Thesis %B Department of Geosciences %D 1987 %T Potential for Use of Cottonwoods in Dendrogeomorphology and Paleohydrology %A Clark, Susanmarie %K cottonwood %K dendrochronology %K dendrogeomorphology %K escalante %K fluvial system %K fremont %K harris wash %K paleoflood %K paleohydrology %K paria %K ponderosa pine %K terrace sediment %K tree ring %K twenty five mile wash %K utah %X

Fremont cottonwoods contain valuable environmental information that can be used to augment knowledge of fluvial systems. Cottonwoods have not been commonly used in dendrochronological studies because of difficulty in determining ring boundaries, uncertainty if growth rings are annual, as well as doubt whether riparian species cross-date. A new method of sample examination utilizing transmitted light permits clear view of ring boundaries, and resampling techniques suggest that the growth rings are annual. The cottonwoods studied are growing along Twentyfive Mile Wash and Harris Wash, both tributaries of the Escalante River in south-central Utah. Cross-dating was found among most of the cottonwood cores, except those from Harris Wash, which were approximately dated by ring counts. After application of rigorous dendrochronological methods, ring counts were deemed to be sufficient to estimate ages of cottonwoods, as the cores contain no missing rings and few false rings. Careful ring counts would accurately estimate the age of these trees to within 1 to 2%. The cottonwoods studied are partially buried by 2 to 4 m of terrace sediments. Dating of the trees provides a minimum age for the terraces of 130 to 227 years. Lack of cross-dating between the cottonwoods and nearby arid-site ponderosa pines indicates that these species respond to different environmental or climatic factors. The ponderosas are limited by lack of moisture, while correlation analysis suggests that the cottonwoods are limited by excess moisture. Soil saturation often causes a decrease in growth due to insufficient oxygen available to the roots. However, in years with very little precipitation, cottonwood growth appears to be limited by lack of moisture, and in these particular years a small ring occurs in the cottonwood series as well as in the ponderosa series. Growth suppressions in the cottonwoods correlate either with known floods on the Escalante or Paria Rivers, or with droughts. If the suppression is due to drought, a corresponding small ring occurs in the ponderosas. Timing of paleofloods can be interfered from suppressions in the early portion of the cottonwood chronology. Rates of alleviation were estimated at 0.9 to 3.0 cm/yr by dividing the amount of sediment above the basal root flare of the trees by the age of the trees. All of these methods would be especially useful in dendrogeomorphological studies on ungaged watersheds, before periods of record, or in watersheds where cottonwoods are the only tree species available.

%B Department of Geosciences %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V Master of Science %P 52 %G English %0 Report %D 1987 %T Tree-Ring Studies of the Pueblo de Acoma: A Preliminary Report %A Robinson, William J. %K anthropology %K dendrochronology %K new mexico %K pueblo de acoma %K rehabilitation %K sky city %K tree ring %X

INTRODUCTION

In the spring of 1986, the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research was contacted by the Laboratory of Anthropology, Museum of New Mexico regarding participation in archaeological clearance of the Pueblo de Acoma (Sky City) Rehabilitation Project. This project, funded by a Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Community Development Block Grant, had been ongoing since 1982 but only recently had considered compliance with the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Section 106).

A meeting and field inspection was held at Acoma in September 1987 with representatives of the Sky City Rehabilitation Project (Vallo), the Museum of New Mexico (Ware, Adams, Ladd), and the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research (Robinson, Dean). This meeting resulted in, among other things, a commitment from the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research to participate in the archaeological clearance and to seek its own funds to do so. As a consequence, a proposal and a budget covering the field work was submitted to a local Tucson foundation and funding was obtained. In the meantime, the Museum of New Mexico continued to work with the Pueblo de Acoma and HUD in developing an application for a new Block Grant.

A second meeting was held at Acoma in January 1987 to discuss implementation of the cooperative agreement. In addition to the previous representatives, the Rehabilitation Project consulting architect (McHenry) and the Bureau of Indian Affairs archaeologist (Harrill) were present. Specific clearance of Area H was discussed and it was agreed that the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research project should be implemented in advance of construction and that some sampling in Area C would be possible in late April 1987.

A final meeting was held in the council chambers of the Pueblo de Acoma on April 21, 1987 with homeowners in Area H whose houses were targeted for rehabilitation in 1987. In addition, the meeting was attended by First Lt. Governor Ray Histia, Mr. Greg Histia of the Acoma Development Authority, Mr. Dennis Vallo and Mr. Marvin Garcia of the Rehabilitation Project, and Dr. John Ware and Mr. Tom Livesly of the Museum of New Mexico as well as the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research crew. Discussions were held regarding scheduling and coordination of the Laboratory’s work and the concerns of the homeowners. Many homeowners asked questions about how vigas were sampled, how much time it would take, and whether any disturbance would occur. At the conclusion, all homeowners expressed satisfaction and real interest in the project.

%I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %G English %0 Report %D 1985 %T Dendrochronology of Bristlecone Pine %A Ferguson, C.W. %A Graybill, D.A. %K anthropology %K Archaeology %K bristlecone pine %K california %K carbon isotopes %K chronology %K climate %K dendrochronology %K Geology %K isotopic studies %K pinus longaeva %K technical report %K tree ring %K white mountains %X

INTRODUCTION

Since Edmun Schulman’s initial interest in 1953, the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research has conducted dendrochronological studies of bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva D. K. Bailey, sp. Nov.) in the White Mountains of east-central California where living trees reach ages in excess of 4,000 years. The focus of this report relates to the support by the Geology and Anthropology sections in the National Science Foundation under grant EAR-8018687 for the period 1 April 1981 to 31 October 1984 with the assistance of the Department of Energy contract no. DE-AC02-81EV10680 covering the period 1 May 1981 to 31 October 1982.

A summary of this research was recently published in Radiocarbon (Ferguson and Graybill 1983). In most cases various facets of the work were related to projects sponsored by all agencies. Therefore the full range of activities during that period is described herein. The primary project goals were:

  1. To extend the bristlecone pine chronology from the White Mountains of California beyond 6700 B.C. and strengthen it by incorporating additional specimens.
  2. To develop bristlecone pine chronologies in new areas for applications in archaeology, isotopic studies, and other earth sciences.
  3. To furnish dendrochronologically dated wood to researchers engaged in the study of past variations in carbon isotopes and climate.
%I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %8 05/1985 %G English %0 Report %D 1985 %T Proposed Contract with the Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN. 37831 for Research on 'Detection of Forest Response to Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide' 1985 %A Graybill, D.A. %K atmospheric carbon dioxide %K environmental sciences division %K forest response %K increased carbon dioxide %K increasing co2 %K oak ridge %K proposed contract %K tree ring %I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %G English %0 Report %D 1985 %T Western U.S. Tree-Ring Index Chronology Data for Detection of Arboreal Response to Increasing Carbon Dioxide %A Graybill, D.A. %K arboreal response %K chronology %K dendrochronology %K increasing carbon dioxide %K increasing co2 %K tree ring %K western us %X

INTRODUCTION

This report summarizes tree-ring chronologies recently developed by the University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research that can be used for the purpose of examining tree-ring growth response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Portions of this research were accomplished under contract with the Oak Ridge National Laboratory project “Detection of forest response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide” (Darrell C. West, P.I.).

%I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %8 04/1985 %G English %0 Thesis %D 1984 %T Fire Regime of the Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta var. murrayana) Forests of the Mt. San Jacinto State Park Wilderness, California %A Paul Sheppard %K california %K coring %K dendrochronology %K fire %K fire management %K fire scar %K Limber pine %K lodgepole %K mt san jacinto %K mt san jacinto state park wilderness %K pine %K pinus contortata %K regime %K suppression %K tree ring %K var murrayana %K wedging %K white fir %X

For the purpose of providing recommendations for the fire management plan of the Mt. San Jacinto State Park Wilderness, California, the natural fire regime of the lodgepole pine forests within the wilderness was determined. Fire-scarred lodgepole pine trees were cored, and their growth rings crossdated against a composite ring series, to obtain fire date estimates of fires that have burned within the forests during the last 300 years. U.S. Forest Service fire records and personal accounts were also used to determine recent fire history.

Results indicate that the fires within the lodgepole pine forests of Mt. San Jacinto probably were quite small (< 0.4 ha). Because of this, the fire regime is probably one of low-intensity fires. Fires started principally by lightning and they generally did not spread far because of low woody fuel loading on the ground. These small fires, however, occurred quite frequently throughout the lodgepole pine forests. Fires probably burned every one to two years, and in many years, more than one fire burned. The average fire return interval for separate locations within the lodgepole pine forests was not determined exactly because most of the burned trees had only one fire-scar.

The effects of this fire-regime on the forest vegetation composition was determined. This was accomplished with multiple regression analyses of vegetative and physiographic data collected from the area of each verified fire.

In the 2500 to 2900 m elevation range, white fir generally increased in importance (relative basal area) over lodgepole pine as years since the fire increased. However, the relationships of lodgepole pine and white fir importances to the time since the fire were not statistically significant. Above 2800 m elevation, neither lodgepole pine nor limber pine importance was affected by the fire regime. Throughout the lodgepole pine forests of this wilderness area, the fire regime has not greatly affected the forest vegetation composition.

To compare two methods of obtaining fire year estimates from living, fire-scarred trees, both wedging and coring was done on ten fire-scarred lodgepole pine trees. The rings of the wedges and cores were then crossdated against a composite ring series, and the respective fire year estimates of each method were compared for each tree. Seven pairs of wedges and cores were crossdated, and each pair gave the same fire year estimate for the respective tree. In the situation of single-scarred trees, the coring method, along with dendrochronology dating, should be attempted instead of wedging, which is more destructive to the tree than coring.

Based on this study, I recommend that the fire management plan for the lodgepole pine forests of the Mt. San Jacinto State Park Wilderness contain two options for fire control. First, in areas that have heavy use by recreationists and cultural or historical benefits, fire suppression should begin immediately after a fire has been detected. Second, in all other areas, a “let burn” policy should be attempted, whereby the fire would be allowed to die out on its own. This would save the expense of fire suppression, which can be very costly in remote wilderness areas. These fires should be monitored in case they do burn near valuable areas. Prescribed burning is not recommended because of the weak relationship of the fire regime to the forest vegetation composition.

%I Cornell University %C Ithaca %V Master of Science %P 93 %8 08/1984 %G English %0 Report %D 1984 %T Proposed Contract with the Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN. 37831 for Research on 'Detection of Forest Response to Increased Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide' 1984 %A Graybill, D.A. %K atmospheric carbon dioxide %K environmental sciences division %K forest response %K increased carbon dioxide %K increasing co2 %K oak ridge %K proposed contract %K tree ring %I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %G English %0 Report %D 1983 %T Eine jahrringanalytische Studie zum Nadelbaumsterben in der Schweiz %A Schweingruber, Fritz H. %A Kontic, Raymond %A Winkler-Seifert, Amanda %K climate %K damages %K environment %K fir %K growth %K growth reduction %K pollution %K Switzerland %K tree ring %X Application of annual ring analysis in investigations of conifer die-back in Switzerland Obviously unhealthy confiders show abrupt tree-ring growth reductions which are datable without measurements. By investigation of large amount of samples on different sites in Switzerland we calculated the areal distribution of damaged trees and the damage occurrence within time. Geographical distribution and time patterns yield to relations between climatic and pollution events. The heavy damages on fir started in Switzerland 1956. Approximately 75% of all firs in Switzerland's central plateau show growth reductions. Local damages exist in the Rhone-valley since 1920. %B Berichte Rapports %I Eidgenossische Anstalt fur das Forstliche Versuchswesen %C Birmensdorf %8 08/1983 %N 253 %0 Thesis %B Department of Renewable Natural Resources %D 1983 %T Fire History of the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico %A Swetnam, T. %K crossdate %K dendrochronology %K fire %K fire history %K fire scar %K gila national forest %K gila wilderness %K new mexico %K pinus ponderosa %K ponderosa pine %K tree ring %X

A data base of fire occurrence was established for the Gila Wilderness by analyzing fire scars and compiling fire records. Cross sections of 44 fire scarred ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) were collected from three study areas. Crossdating of more than 800 individual fire scars revealed that extensive surface fires were a common occurrence prior to 1900. Mean fire intervals for a 250-year period prior to 1900 were approximately four to eight years and fire intervals ranged from one to 26 years. Intensive grazing and fire suppression efforts after 1900 resulted in a sudden decrease in number of fires recorded by the sample trees.

A 72-year record (1909-1980) of fire occurrence in the Gila National Forest was compiled from Forest Service records. The fire records and fire scar evidence suggest a need for continued emphasis on fuels reduction and greater flexibility in the Prescribed Natural Fire program.

%B Department of Renewable Natural Resources %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V Master of Science %P 156 %G English %0 Book %B Tree Ring Chronologies of the Southern Hemisphere %D 1979 %T Tree Ring Chronologies of the Southern Hemisphere 1. Argentina %A LaMarche, V.C. %A Holmes, R.L. %A Dunwiddie, P.W. %A Drew, L.G. %K argentina %K chronology %K date %K dendrochronology %K hemisphere %K south america %K southern %K tree ring %B Tree Ring Chronologies of the Southern Hemisphere %I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %0 Book %B Tree Ring Chronologies of the Southern Hemisphere %D 1979 %T Tree Ring Chronologies of the Southern Hemisphere 2. Chile %A LaMarche, V.C. %A Holmes, R.L. %A Dunwiddie, P.W. %A Drew, L.G. %K chile %K chronology %K date %K dendrochronology %K south america %K southern hemisphere %K tree ring %B Tree Ring Chronologies of the Southern Hemisphere %0 Book %B Tree Ring Chronologies of the Southern Hemisphere %D 1979 %T Tree Ring Chronologies of the Southern Hemisphere 5. South Africa %A LaMarche, V.C. %A Holmes, R.L. %A Dunwiddie, P.W. %A Drew, L.G. %K africa %K chronology %K date %K dendrochronology %K south africa %K southern hemisphere %K tree ring %B Tree Ring Chronologies of the Southern Hemisphere %I Laboratory of Tree Ring Research %C Tucson %0 Book %B Chronology Series III %D 1978 %T Expanded Tree-Ring Chronologies for the Southwestern United States %A Dean, Jeffrey S. %A Robinson, William J. %K Archaeology %K chronologies %K dendrochronology %K southwest %K southwestern %K tree ring %K united states %B Chronology Series III %I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %0 Magazine Article %D 1978 %T Tree Ring Chronology %A Moore, Peter %K chronology %K dates %K dating %K dendrochronology %K tree ring %B Nature %V 272 %0 Book %B Chronology Series IV %D 1978 %T Tree-Ring Chronologies of Eastern North America %A Dewitt, E. %A Ames, Martha Hyde %K chronologies %K chronology %K date %K dendrochronology %K eastern %K north america %K tree ring %K tree-ring %B Chronology Series IV %I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %V 1 %G English %0 Journal Article %J Nature %D 1978 %T Tree-ring evidence of past climatic variability %A LaMarche, V.C. %K ancient %K climate %K environment %K paleoclimatology %K past %K record %K tree ring %B Nature %V 276 %N No. 5686 %0 Magazine Article %D 1977 %T Climatic Information from Analysis of Cellulose Lignin and Whole Wood from Tree Rings %A unknown %K analysis %K cellulose %K climate %K dendrochronology %K lignin %K tree ring %K tree rings %B Nature %V 270 %N No. 5639 %0 Report %D 1977 %T Dendroclimatic Variability in the American Southwest A.D. 680 to 1970 %A Dean, Jeffrey S. %A Robinson, William J. %K climate %K dendrochronology %K dendroclimatology %K department %K interior %K national park service %K paleoclimate %K report %K southwest %K tree ring %K variability %I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %8 03/1977 %G English %0 Book %D 1976 %T A Guide to Measuring Tree Ring Widths %A Burns, James M. %K dendrochronology %K guide %K how to %K measure %K measurement %K tree ring %K width %I Laboratory of Tree Ring Research %C Tucson %0 Book %D 1975 %T Tree-Ring Dates from Arizona H-I Flagstaff Area %A Robinson, William J. %A Harrill, Bruce G. %A Warren, Richard L. %K date %K dates %K dendrochronology %K Flagstaff %K southwest %K tree ring %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %0 Book %D 1975 %T Tree-Ring Dates from Colorado W Durango Area %A Dean, Jeffrey S. %K Archaeology %K colorado %K date %K dendrochronology %K durango %K tree ring %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %0 Report %D 1974 %T Analysis of Bitterbrush Stems from Mt. Hebron, California %A Harlan, T.P. %K bitterbrush %K california %K cross date %K dendrochronology %K mt hebron %K purshia tridentata %K tree ring %I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %G English %0 Book %D 1974 %T Tree-Ring Dates from Colorado V Mesa Verde Area %A Robinson, William J. %A Harrill, Bruce G. %K colorado %K date %K dendrochronology %K mesa verde %K southwest %K tree ring %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %0 Book %D 1974 %T Tree-Ring Dates from New Mexico B Chaco-Gobernador Area %A Robinson, William J. %A Harrill, Bruce G. %A Warren, Richard L. %K Chaco %K date %K dendrochronology %K Gobernador %K new mexico %K southwest %K tree ring %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %0 Book %D 1973 %T Tree-Ring Dates from New Mexico J-K,P,V Santa Fe-Pecos-Lincoln Area %A Robinson, William J. %A Harrill, Bruce G. %A Warren, Richard L. %K date %K dendrochronology %K Lincoln %K new mexico %K Pecos %K Santa Fe %K southwest %K tree ring %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %0 Thesis %B Department of Geosciences %D 1972 %T Las Trampas, New Mexico: Dendrochronology of a Spanish Colonial Church %A Ames, Martha Hyde %K altar %K Architecture %K art %K church %K dendrochronology %K Geochronology %K Geoscience %K history %K las trampas %K new mexico %K spanish colonial %K timber %K tree ring %X

Wooden beams and planks from the Spanish Colonial church and other structures in Las Trampas, north-central New Mexico, have been sampled and dated by dendrochronology. Dates of AD 1735 imply Spanish occupation of the area 16 years prior to official grant. Stockpiling of timber for church construction began as early as 1758. Exterior walls were 15 feet high by 1762 and were completed to roof level by 1764. Late in 1776, wood was cut for a dust-guard over the adobe altar and mural. According to clustering of tree-ring dates, a new altar and wooden altar screen were constructed soon after 1785.

Beam re-use was prevalent. Timbers bearing early dates were incorporated into the 1785 altar screen, indicating re-use from within the church of from other pre-1760 structures. A roof viga was later used as a floor plank after reroofing. In domestic buildings, re-use of beams is repeated.

Replacement of beams supporting the balcony was made in the 1860’s and 1870’s. Tree-ring dates indicate repairs again in the 1930’s and 1943.

A survey of the literature pertaining to dendrochronology of historical sites revealed that shaping of beams and lack of thorough sampling have heretofore hindered successful application. The documentary record of Las Trampas art and architectural history has been further refined by tree-ring dating, and the study reaffirms the potentials for historical sites dendrochronology.

%B Department of Geosciences %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V Master of Science %P 77 %G English %0 Journal Article %J Zeitschrift fur Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie %D 1971 %T Tree Rings, Glacial Advance, And Climate in The Alps %A LaMarche, V.C. %A Fritts, H. %K alps %K austria %K climatology %K environment %K glacial advance %K glaciers %K Switzerland %K tree ring %X

Ring-width variations in stone pine near upper treeline in the Alps show a high negative correlation with the percentage of advancing glaciers in Austria and Switzerland. The relationship is due to the similarity of climatic models for tree growth and the glacial mass budget. Tree-ring fluctuations during the period 1800-1889, prior to the compilation of glacial statistics show good agreement with historical glacial advances and periods of low summer temperatures, especially around 1820-1855. Tree-ring studies could assist in reconstructing the glacial and climatic history of the Alps, possibly for a period of 1,000 years or more.

%B Zeitschrift fur Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie %V VII %0 Book %D 1971 %T Tree-Ring Dates from New Mexico C-D Northern Rio Grande Area %K Archaeology %K date %K dendrochronology %K new mexico %K rio grande %K tree ring %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %0 Book %D 1970 %T Tree-Ring Dates from New Mexico A,G-H Shiprock-Zuni-Mt. Taylor Area %A Bannister, Bryant %A Robinson, William J. %A Warren, Richard L. %K date %K dendrochronology %K mt taylor %K new mexico %K shiprock %K southwest %K tree ring %K zuni %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %0 Book %D 1970 %T Tree-Ring Dates from New Mexico M-N,S,Z Southwestern New Mexico Area %A Bannister, Bryant %A Hannah, John W. %A Robinson, William J. %K date %K dating %K dendrochronology %K new mexico %K southwest %K tree ring %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %0 Magazine Article %D 1968 %T Bristlecone Pine Science and Esthetics %A Ferguson, C.W. %K bristlecone pine %K chronology %K esthetics %K science %K tree ring %0 Magazine Article %D 1968 %T Tree Ring Indices and Statistics %A Stage, Albert %K Haugen %K indices %K Statistics %K tree ring %B Science %V 160 %0 Report %D 1968 %T Tree-Ring Growth in High-Altitude Bristlecone Pine as Related to Meteorological Factors: Research Proposal %A LaMarche, Valmore C. %K bristlecone pine %K cold sensitive %K dendroclimatology %K drought sensitive %K high altitude %K meteorological %K NSF %K pinus aristata %K precipitation %K temperature %K tree ring %X

Important climatic information may be contained in long tree-ring records from the upper treeline of mid-latitude mountains. Preliminary work and the results of related research suggest that the variation in annual ring-width series from bristlecone pine (P. aristata) at the upper treeline is related to year-to-year differences in the temperature regime, in contrast to the "drought sensitivity" of this species near the lower forest border. Therefore, the establishment of a quantitative relationship between meterological factors and tree-ring growth at the upper treeline may permit the extension of temperature records, ad would provide an additional tool for evaluating certain environmental characteristics of remote, high-mountain regions. Direct comparison of tree-ring chronologies from "drought-sensitive" conifers at the lower forest border with those from "cold-sensitive" trees at the nearby upper treeline might also lead to the separation of precipitation and temperature effects in paleoclimatic reconstruction.

The basic approach involves the empirical comparison of tree-ring chronologies with concurrent meteorological time series in a few areas in the western United States, selected for the proximity of a bristlecone pine treeline to one or more high altitude weather stations. A number of replicated tree-ring samples will be dated, measured, standardized, and evaluated to form the basic tree-ring chronologies. testing the association between the ring-widths and meteorological factors will proceed through the development of progressively refined empirical models. Consistency with available biological data will serve as a general guide in the development of a meaningful model.

%I Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research %C Tucson %G English %9 Research Proposal %0 Book %D 1967 %T Tree-Ring Dates from Arizona J Hopi Mesas Area %A Bannister, Bryant %A William, Robinson J. %A Warren, Richard L. %K dates %K dendrochronology %K Hopi mesas %K southwest %K tree ring %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %0 Thesis %D 1963 %T The Archaeological Interpretation of Tree-Ring Specimins for Dating Southwestern Ceramic Styles %A Breternitz, David Alan %K anthropology %K Archaeology %K ceramic %K dating %K dendrochronology %K indiginous %K lasting phenomenon of traded ceramics %K pottery %K site %K southwest %K spanish entrada %K specimen %K style %K trade %K tree ring %X

The interpretation of approximately 5715 dated tree-ring specimens from about 342 archaeological sites in the American Southwest is the basis for “dating” the pottery types found in association. The time involved spans the period from the introduction of fired ceramics to the Spanish Entrada, approximately A.D. 1550.

The provenience and site situation information for both the dated tree-ring specimens and the associated pottery is tabulated for each site and site-area which has tree-ring dates, except when these data are accessible in the literature.

Criteria for establishing the validity of the association and provenience of the tree-ring specimens and the pottery are formulated. The interpretation and evaluation of the validity of these dates and associations is the basis for “dating” the various pottery types. The occurrence of pottery in “Indigenous” and “Trade” situation is presented separately; the pottery types in these categories are dated separately, in so far as possible, and then evaluated in terms of total distribution and context. Approximately 325 pottery types, varieties, and ceramic categories are dated on the basis of archaeological associations with tree-ring specimens. The data presented do not change the gross time placements of previous workers, but they do (1) refine some pottery dates, (2) reject others, and (3) give differing validity to additional ceramic dates.

The concept of “pottery type” is used as the analytical unit for dating Southwestern ceramics. The concept of “Ceramic Style” represents synthesis at a higher level of abstraction and does not lend itself to dating based on tree-ring material.

A progressive increase in the amount and range of traded pottery is noted through time. The increase in the distribution of various pottery types after about A.D. 1250 is also accompanied by an increase in attempts to make local copies of certain pottery types obtained by trade.

Decorated pottery types which occur as trade products tend to persist in later archaeological contexts and this situation is discussed as the “Lasting Phenomenon of Traded Ceramics.”

Southwestern pottery is distributed in prehistoric times on the basis of hand-to-hand or person-to-person contact and although the amount of trade and the spatial dispersal increase in time, particularly after 1250, this trade never reaches the same degree of institutionalization that is seen in Mesoamerica.  An associated feature is an emphasis on the trading of small, decorated vessels, as opposed to large, utility or undecorated, ceramic containers.

%I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V Doctor of Philosophy %8 1963 %G English %0 Journal Article %D 1963 %T Dendrochronology %A Bannister, Bryant %K bannister %K dating %K dendrochronology %K tree ring %K tree rings %0 Journal Article %J Tree Ring Bulletin %D 1946 %T Precision of Ring Dating in Tree-Ring Chronologies %A Douglass, A.E. %K Archaeology %K chronology %K dating %K dendrochronology %K Douglass %K historic %K precision dating %K tree ring %B Tree Ring Bulletin %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V XVII %N No. 3 %0 Journal Article %J Bulletin of the University of Utah %D 1946 %T Researches in Dendrochronology %A Douglass, A.E. %K dating %K dendrochronology %K Douglass %K historic %K tree ring %K university of utah %B Bulletin of the University of Utah %I University of Utah %C Salt Lake City %V 37 %N No. 2 %0 Generic %D 1944 %T Tree Rings and Climatic Cycles, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Astronomical Studies %A Peterson, Roy M. %A Douglass, A.E. %K astronomy %K climate %K dating %K dendrochronology %K Douglass %K environment %K fraternity %K historic %K tree ring %K tree ring laboratory %B Phi Kappa Phi Journal %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V XXIV %N No. 3 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Forestry %D 1942 %T Crossdating at Mesa Verde National Park %A Douglass, A.E. %K Archaeology %K crossdating %K dating %K Douglass %K Forestry %K historic %K mesa verde %K southwest %K tree ring %B Journal of Forestry %V 40 %N No. 4 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Forestry %D 1941 %T Crossdating in Dendrochronology %A Douglass, A.E. %K crossdating %K dating %K dendrochronology %K Douglass %K historic %K tree ring %B Journal of Forestry %V 39 %0 Journal Article %J Field Museum News %D 1940 %T Tree Rings Nature's Calendar for the Archaeologist %K Archaeology %K chronology %K dating %K dendrochronology %K Douglass %K historic %K southwest %K tree ring %B Field Museum News %0 Journal Article %J University of Arizona Bulletin %D 1937 %T Tree Rings and Chronology %A Douglass, A.E. %K chronology %K dates %K dating %K Douglass %K historic %K tree ring %B University of Arizona Bulletin %I University of Arizona %C Tucson %V VII %N No. 4 %0 Conference Proceedings %B Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences %D 1933 %T Evidences of Cycles in Tree Ring Records %A Douglass, A.E. %K address %K cycles %K Douglass %K evidence %K historic %K proceedings of the national academy of science %K record %K tree ring %B Proceedings of the National Academy of the Sciences %0 Journal Article %J Professional Engineer %D 1931 %T Trees and Droughts in Arizona %A Douglass, A.E. %K climate %K dendrochronology %K Douglass %K droughts %K environment %K historic %K tree %K tree ring %B Professional Engineer %0 Magazine Article %D 1928 %T Climate and Trees %A Douglass, A.E. %K climate %K climatology %K Douglass %K environment %K tree ring %B Nature Magazine %0 Magazine Article %D 1927 %T Solar Records in Tree Growth %A Douglass, A.E. %K astronomy %K Douglass %K historic %K records %K solar %K tree growth %K tree ring %B Science %V LXV %N No. 1679 %0 Journal Article %J Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society %D 1922 %T Some Topographic and Climatic Characters in the Annual Ring of the Yellow Pines and Sequoias of the Southwest %A Douglass, A.E. %K annual %K characteristics %K characters %K climate %K climatic %K dates %K dating %K Douglass %K environment %K ring %K sequoias %K southwest %K topographic %K tree ring %K tree rings %K yellow pine %B Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society %V LXI %N No. 2 %0 Magazine Article %D 1921 %T Dating Our Prehistoric Ruins %A Douglass, A.E. %K Archaeology %K dates %K dating %K Douglass %K historic %K Prehistoric %K ruins %K southwest %K tree ring %B Natural History %V XXI %N No.1 %0 Generic %D 1917 %T Climatic Records in the Trunks of Trees %A Douglass, A.E. %K climate %K climatology %K Douglass %K environment %K historic %K tree ring %0 Generic %D 1908 %T Weather Cycles in the Growth of Big Trees %A Douglass, A.E. %K climate %K dendrochronology %K Douglass %K environment %K historic %K tree ring %K weather %B Monthly Weather Review %0 Generic %D 0 %T Tree Ring Dates and Dating of Southwestern Prehistoric Ruins %A Douglass, A.E. %K addresses %K Archaeology %K date %K dates %K dating %K Douglass %K historic %K prehistoric ruins %K sites %K tree ring