<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farris, Calvin Arthur</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swetnam, T.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial and temporal validation of fire-scar fire histories</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geography</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1937808421&amp;sid=2&amp;Fmt=2&amp;clientId=43922&amp;RQT=309&amp;VName=PQD</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PhD</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Accurate information about historical fire regimes is needed to understand the long-term effects of fire and climate on ecosystem dynamics and guide ecosystem restoration. Fire scars are used widely to reconstruct historical fire regimes around the world but few empirical validation studies have been conducted. This dissertation consists of three integrated studies aimed at addressing the following questions: (1) how accurate are fire-scar fire histories compared to known patterns of fire occurrence; (2) how do these relationships vary spatially and temporally; (3) how representative statistically are search-based (&amp;ldquo;targeted&amp;rdquo;) fire-scar sampling techniques? I utilized an empirical corroboration approach to validate fire-scar reconstructions against documentary fire perimeters for a 2,780 hectare ponderosa pine landscape in Saguaro National Park, Arizona (USA). Resampling statistics and spatial modeling were used to quantify interactions between spatial scale, sample size, and fire size. Statistical properties of targeted sampling were assessed by analyzing three case studies containing paired examples of targeted and non-targeted sampling (i.e., systematic and census). I found strong linear relationships between fire-scar synchrony (samples scarred in a given year) and annual area burned. Fire-scar derived estimates of fire frequency metrics, such as Mean Fire Return Interval and Natural Fire Rotation, did not differ significantly from the documentary record, and there was strong spatial coherence between fire frequency maps interpolated from fire-scar data and documentary maps. Scale and sample size dependence of fire-scar detection probabilities were variable for small fire years but relatively weak for widespread fires. This resulted in consistent and predictable influences on fire frequency reconstructions: statistical measures dependent on area burned were relatively stable and robust across a range of scale, sample size, and fire size. Targeted sampling did not differ statistically from non-targeted datasets, but targeted fire-scar data contained proportionately greater sample depth and longer temporal records with fewer samples. These results demonstrate collectively that key temporal and spatial fire frequency parameters can be reconstructed accurately from point-based fire-scar data. They also reaffirm general interpretations and management implications from past fire history research indicating that frequent, widespread burning was an important component of pre-settlement fire regimes in Southwestern ponderosa pine.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Falk, Donald Albert</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swetnam, T.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scaling Rules for Fire Regimes</style></title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=845727371&amp;sid=3&amp;Fmt=2&amp;clientId=43922&amp;RQT=309&amp;VName=PQD</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PhD</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest fire is a keystone ecological process in coniferous forests of southwestern North America. This dissertation examines a fire regime in the Jemez Mountains of northern New Mexico, USA, based on an original data set collected from Monument Canyon Research Natural Area (MCN). First, I examine scale dependence in the fire regime. Statistical descriptors of the fire regime, such as fire frequency and mean fire interval, are scale-dependent. I describe the theory of the event-area (EA) relationship , analogous to the species-area relationship, for events distributed in space and time; the interval-area (IA) relationship , is a related form for fire intervals. The EA and IA also allow estimation of the annual fire frame (AFF), the area within which fire occurs annually on average. The slope of the EA is a metric of spatio-temporal synchrony of events across multiple spatial scales. The second chapter concerns the temporal distribution of fire events. I outline a theory of fire interval probability from first principles in fire ecology and statistics. Fires are conditional events resulting from interaction of multiple contingent factors that must be satisfied for an event to occur. Outcomes of this kind represent a multiplicative process for which a lognormal model is the limiting distribution. I examine the application of this framework to two probability models, the Weibull and lognormal distributions, which can be used to characterize the distribution of fire intervals over time. The final chapter addresses the theory and effects of sample size in fire history. Analytical methods (including composite fire records) are used in fire history to minimize error in inference. I describe a theory of the collector’s curve based on accumulation of sets of discrete events and the probability of recording a fire as a function of sample size. I propose a nonlinear regression method for the Monument Canyon data set to correct for differences in sample size among composite fire records. All measures of the fire regime reflected sensitivity to sample size, but these differences can be corrected in part by applying the regression correction, which can increase confidence in quantitative estimates of the fire regime.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margolis, Ellis Quinn</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swetnam, T.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand Replacing Fire History and Aspen Ecology in the Upper Rio Grande Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Renewable Natural Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aspen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">colorado</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conifer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dendrochronology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dendroecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">new mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rio grande</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spruce fir</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand replacing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree ring</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucson</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master of Science</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Dendroecological techniques were applied to reconstruct stand-replacing fire history in mixed conifer and spruce-fir forests in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. Stand-replacing fire dates with annual accuracy and precision were determined using four lines of evidence for each of twelve sites within a 75,000 square kilometer area. The four lines of evidence were: (1) aspen inner-ring dates, (2) conifer death dates, (3) tree-ring width changes, or other morphological indicators of injury, and (4) fire scars. The annual precision of dating allowed the identification of significant synchrony of stand replacing fires among the 12 sites and regional surface fire events previously reconstructed from the large network of fire scar collections in the Southwest. Nearly all of these synchronous stand-replacing and surface fire years coincided with extreme droughts. This suggests that stand-replacing fire activity occurred primarily when drought conditions allowed fires to ignite and spread within these high elevation forests and/or for the spread of surface fires between lower and upper elevations. Fifty percent of reconstructed stand-replacing fires pre-dated large-scale Euro-American settlement in this region. This may suggest that land use practices (such as logging and mining) were not as important in promoting stand-replacing fires in these study sites, as compared with other areas in Colorado.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shao, Xuemei</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fritts, H.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Statistical Relationships Between Tree Growth and Climate in Western North America</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geoscience</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=746968761&amp;sid=9&amp;Fmt=2&amp;clientId=43922&amp;RQT=309&amp;VName=PQD</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PhD</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The objective of this study is to examine large-scale spatial patterns of tree growth and climatic variation and to investigate the possible role of climate in determining tree growth patterns over space. This study represents one of the first uses of geostatistical methods to extract information about the spatial variation of climate from tree rings in western North America. It is also one of the first uses of data in spatial series to study the relationships of spatial variations between climate and tree growth. Geostatistics analyzes the spatial structure of the variables by assuming that adjoining data are correlated with each other over space and that the particular relationship expressing the extent of spatial correlation can be analytically and statistically captured in a function. It is applied to both June Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and ring-width index data from western North America. One basic assumption of applying geostatistics in this study is that the spatially uncorrelated small-scale variations are insignificant and represent background noise in large-scale dendroclimatic studies. The statistical relationships between the spatial variations of June PDSI and ring-width index are studied by simple scatter diagrams and correlation analysis. This is done in terms of yearly variations and variations of spatial patterns. Both of them support the contention that the large-scale spatial variations in ring-width index data can be used to infer the spatial variations of climate variables. Based upon the results of this research it can be concluded that geostatistics is a viable method to characterize the spatially correlated variations in dendroclimatology. By applying geostatistics to data sets, information about the spatial variations of climate contained in tree-ring data are enhanced, and the large-scale variations of climate are emphasized. The analysis of yearly relationships over space is particularly useful for identifying statistical relationships between climate and tree growth in a geographic region. The main factors of climate controlling ring-width index are identified as well as the less frequent limiting events. Once the statistical relationships are validated, they can be used to infer the spatial variations of past climate from variations in tree-ring index.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Izumi Shimada</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic organization at Moche V Pampa Grande, Peru: Prelude to a major transformation to come</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anthropology</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1976</style></year></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=758529171&amp;sid=30&amp;Fmt=1&amp;clientId=43922&amp;RQT=309&amp;VName=PQD</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PhD</style></volume></record></records></xml>