@mastersthesis {646, title = {Preclassic excavations at Punta de Chimino, Peten, Guatemala: Investigating social emplacement on an early Maya landscape}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2006}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Two excavation seasons in Punta de Chimino{\textquoteright}s E-Group Acropolis provide a record of monument construction, refurbishment, desecration, and abandonment. This evidence is used to explore the material dimensions of social emplacement---any act, event, practice, or behavior that affects the way a community and its descendants relate to a particular locality over time. The attributes and treatment of monuments are taken to signify cultural and political dispositions. An extensive overview of Preclassic and Protoclassic Maya archaeology situates Punta de Chimino{\textquoteright}s monumental remains in different historical settings. Bayesian analysis of the stratified sequence of radiocarbon and luminescence dates is used to accurately pinpoint the timing of specific cultural events. Stratigraphy and radiometry allow refinement of the Punta de Chimino ceramic sequence. In the end, varied lines of material evidence are garnered to infer changing social dispositions toward Punta de Chimino{\textquoteright}s ceremonial precinct and the ancient Mesoamerican world at large.}, keywords = {Excavations, Guatemala, Maya, Peten, Preclassic Maya, Punta de Chimino, Social emplacement}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1296087131\&sid=2\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Bachand, Bruce} } @mastersthesis {647, title = {Climate of rebellion: The relationship between climate variability and indigenous uprisings in mid-eighteenth-century Sonora}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2004}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {A series of indigenous rebellions took place in mid-eighteenth-century Sonora that caused Spain to alter its colonial policies, depending less on the Jesuit mission system and more on a professional military force for pacifying and controlling the region. The rebellions coincided with a shift toward a drought-dominant climate pattern that began in the late 1720s. This study explores the relationship between that climatic shift and the rebellions by narrowing the focus to several disturbances and insurrections among the Seris, Pimas Bajos, and Yaquis during the period of 1725-1742. Research centers on climate variability, the relationship between climate patterns and indigenous subsistence practices, and whether Spanish colonial policies and institutions rendered these practices more or less vulnerable to environmental perturbations. Because the same environmental factors shaping indigenous subsistence strategies also affected Spanish decision-making, the development of Spanish colonization in Sonora is reviewed within an ecological framework as well, recognizing the interaction among the environment and political, economic, and demographic factors. This study adopts a multidisciplinary approach integrating paleoclimatic, ethnohistorical, ethnographic, and archaeological sources of data to establish patterns of precipitation and reconstruct indigenous subsistence systems within their local environments, both before and after Spanish colonial rule. The research presents evaluations and English translations of numerous Spanish texts that include description of local environments; indigenous land use, reliance on crops versus wild resources, scheduling, harvest, and/or storage; significant climatic events such as droughts or floods; and the events of specific insurrections. The research also considers Spanish policies and institutions as they developed in Sonora, and changes they engendered in indigenous subsistence organization and the environment. This study assesses the effectiveness of those changes in the face of climate fluctuations, and scrutinizes Seri, Pima Bajo, and Yaqui disturbances and insurrections as responses to Spanish-induced subsistence changes under escalating colonial pressures and climate-related environmental stresses. On a broader level, this research demonstrates the potential of the documentary record, when combined with advances in climate research, for increasing our understanding of human vulnerability to climate change, human responses and coping strategies, and the impacts of human behavior on climate. }, keywords = {climate, Eighteenth century, Indigenous, Rebellion, Sonora, Uprisings}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=795926481\&sid=4\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Dale Brenneman} } @mastersthesis {448, title = {The Dendroclimatological Potential of Araucaria cunninghamii (Hoop Pine) in North Queensland}, volume = {BS}, year = {1995}, school = {James Cook Universtiy of North Queensland}, abstract = {The statistics generated indicate that dendroclimatic studies of baldcypress in south Louisiana should prove fruitful. Evidence demonstrates that the species will be useful in analyzing regional anomalies, such as the low winter temperatures of the 1960{\textquoteright}s and 1976-79, and that baldcypress data may be able to be pooled with data from other species.}, author = {Barrs, Sally-anne} } @mastersthesis {451, title = {Spatial and Temporal Reconstruction of Twentieth-century Growth Trends in a Naturally-seeded Pine Forest}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1994}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {

This research uncovered growth trends from 1920 to 1990 in a stand of south-western ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. var. scopulorum), and investigated the role of climate and competition in shaping the observed trends. I focused on a 800 x 400-m permanent plot maintained by the U.S. Forest Service since 1920 near Flagstaff, Arizona. Temporal growth trends were quantified by size class using a mixed linear model applied to forest inventories, repeated at 10-year intervals. Tree density and stand basal area increased from 1920 to 1990, but growth rates of individual trees declined regardless of size class. Growth of large pines, whose density increased slightly, declined more than that of small pines, whose density almost tripled. I argued that competition for resources reduced growth rates of large trees more than those of small trees. Geostatistical analyses showed that, from 1920 to 1990, stem size was spatially autocorrelated over distances no greater than 30 m, a measure of average patch diameter. Tree density increased by increasing the number of pine groups rather than their horizontal dimension. Increased tree crowding corresponded to lower average, variance, and spatial dependence of individual growth rates. Since growth variation was less related to inter-tree distance at higher tree densities, density-dependent limitation of tree growth did not necessarily correspond to distance-dependent growth rates. No significant trend from 1910 to 1990 was found in climatic variables computed from daily meteorological records. Dendroclimatic analyses showed that climate-tree growth relations had not significantly changed over the twentieth century. Annual growth of both large and small pines was positively related to winter snowfall and to July monsoon rainfall. Periodic basal area increment obtained from dendrochronological data revealed that forest inventories over-estimated growth rates, especially for small pines. On the other hand, tree-ring chronologies developed using different standardization options showed different temporal trends. Repeated forest inventories quantified growth of individual trees and of the entire stand, but integrated bark and wood increment. Dendrochronological data had superior temporal resolution and accuracy, but their limited spatial coverage hindered representation of growth trends for the entire stand.

}, keywords = {Paleoecology}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=740900561\&sid=29\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Biondi, Franco} } @mastersthesis {459, title = {Dendrochronology and Fire History in a Stand of Northern California Coast Redwood}, volume = {MS}, year = {1991}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Fire-scarred cross-sections from coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) at two sites were dendrochronologically dated and used to develop a fire history. Redwood offers a challenge for dendrochronological study due to ring wedging and complacency. Crossdating was successful in 12 of 24 trees. The fire history was developed by comparison of fire scars and fire-associated ring characteristics (resin ducts, double latewood, growth releases, and ring separations) recorded in ring series. Using only dates of fire scars from the first fire in 1714 to the last in 1962, the mean fire interval (MFI) was 9.9 years. MFI for the best represented presettlement segment 1714-1881 was 8.0 years. Using all fire-associate ring features, MFI 1714-1962 was 7.0 years and 1714-1881, 6.0 years. Use of all fire-associated ring characteristics is argued to be a more accurate representation of past fire frequency. MFIs determined are less than others reported for coast redwood and suggest fire frequency in redwood may have been underestimated in past studies.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=7747786571\&sid=1\&Fmt=2\&clientld=43922\&RQT=309\&Vname=PDQ}, author = {Brown, Peter Mark} } @mastersthesis {450, title = {Influence of Gambel Oak on Radial Growth of Southwestn Ponderosa Pine: A Dendrochronological Study}, volume = {MS}, year = {1987}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {

Gambel oak influence on diameter increment of young-growth ponderosa pines was evaluated by intensively sampling three pine-oak stands on the Beaver Creek Watershed in north-central Arizona. Sampled stands had homogeneous climate, topography, soil parent material, vegetation structure and soil type. Increment cores were collected from five dominant pines on 34 randomly selected study plots. As revealed by dendrochronological techniques, radial growth of sampled pines had fluctuated around a relatively constant level during the last 50 years (1936-85). Differences in this level among stands were related to differences in competition, oak presence, pine age and site index. Pine diameter growth increased with increasing Gambel oak presence and with decreasing intraspecific competition.

}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=754449011\&sid=5\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Biondi, Franco} } @mastersthesis {564, title = {Long-Term Climatic Changes in Western Europe and East Asia}, volume = {MS}, year = {1986}, school = {University of Massachusetts}, author = {Shao, Xuemei} } @mastersthesis {456, title = {Tree-Climate Relationships and Dendroclimatological Reconstruction in the British Isles}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1984}, school = {University of East Anglia}, author = {Briffa, Keith Raphael} } @mastersthesis {461, title = {Simulated Anasazi Storage Behavior Using Crop Yeilds Reconstructed from Tree Rings: A.D. 652-1968}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1983}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {A clear understanding of interactions between the arid Southwestern environment and that area{\textquoteright}s prehistoric inhabitants has been a goal of Southwestern archaeology. This research has reconstructed annual corn and dry bean crop yields for southwestern Colorado from A.D. 650 to 1968, as well as the amounts of those foods available for each of those years. Colorado{\textquoteright}s five southwestern county dry farming corn and dry bean crop records were combined to create two regional crop series. Modern technology{\textquoteright}s increasing influence was recognized as being present in the two series. This influence was felt to parallel Colorado{\textquoteright}s statewide fertilizer consumption and was removed using a multiple regression procedure. Two modern technology free regional crop series resulted. These two series, along with the original two historic crop series were calibrated against five Four Corners tree-ring chronologies from four localities. Both Douglas-fir and pinyon were employed in the calibration. The calibration process used multiple regression so that each series{\textquoteright} current annual crop yield could be predicted using one or more of 25 separate dendrochronological predictors. The regression equation deemed most suitable for predicting each of the four crop series was utilized to reconstruct annual crop yield estimates for the A.D. 652-1968 period. Normal verification was impossible since additional independent crop data were lacking. The reconstructed crop yield series were evaluated statistically. Portions of them were compared against historically recorded events. These two types of testing suggested that the retrodictions were probably valid. The crop yield reconstructions provided the basic data for four sets of storage simulations that attempted to determine corn and dry bean availability for each year from A.D. 652 to 1968, given certain assumptions about the levels of storage technology available to the Anasazi of southwestern Colorado. A. E. Douglass{\textquoteright} A.D. 1276-1299 {\textquotedblleft}Great Drought{\textquotedblright} appears to be confirmed. A number of additional famines or food crises have also been recognized. In addition, periods when food was super abundant have been identified. It now appears that much of the Four Corners large public construction projects were undertaken during and perhaps because of these periods of excess surplus.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=752071671\&sid=6\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Burns, Barney Tillman} } @mastersthesis {457, title = {Environmental Controls Influencing the Altitude and From of the Forest-Alpine Tundra Ecotone, Colorado Front Range}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1981}, school = {University of Colorado}, abstract = {The forest-alpine tundra ecotone of the Colorado Front Range is a dynamic vegetative belt where environmental factors vary rapidly. Under the present climatic conditions the conifer trees appear stressed and seedling establishment does not coincide with the present upper limit of tree species. With the increasing population and recreation pressure within the Front Range there is need for concern that irreversible damage may occur to the forest-alpine tundra ecotone. Meso-climatic parameters and conifer physiological responses were monitored throughout the year to determine what combinations of climate and inadequate physiological {\textquotedblleft}preparedness{\textquotedblright} result in the limitation of tree growth in the alpine. The upper limit of seedling establishment was systematically determined, and detection of a climatic change and in which direction the ecotone responded to the change were noted. In order to provide a present day inventory of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone it was mapped in detail at 1:10,000 and 1:50,000. These maps also facilitated the determination of topo-climatic influences on its distribution and provided a historical document upon which to monitor future changes. Finally, they furnished a working tool for land use planners to develop management plans. The interactions of the climate the environment and the survival of the conifer tree species within the forest-alpine tundra ecotone are indeed complex. A short, cool growing season, restricted by late-lying snow and early and late frosts, results in the tissues being unable to ripen and prepare adequately for winter hardiness. Seedlings find it impossible to establish and survive within the upper ecotone. The unpreparedness for such a harsh environment is evident during late fall when mild freezes may cause extensive damage to new growth, and during winter when many processes may weaken the tree. The winters on Niwot Ridge are long, with low temperatures, occasional days with high levels of radiation, strong winds and frozen soils. The foliage, if inadequately developed, survives only if protected by a deep snow cover. Low air temperatures, frost damage and winter desiccation appear to be primarily responsible for hindering growth in tree species within the ecotone. Of primary importance is the fact that these stress phenomena occur most often when the trees are least able to resist. The forest-alpine tundra ecotone appears at present to be under great climatic stress. The uppermost part of the ecotone is no longer successfully regenerating by seed, but rather relies on vegetative reproduction. It becomes obvious that the climate, at some time in the past, was more conducive to seedling establishment and survival. Although the ecotone has {\textquotedblleft}held its ground{\textquotedblright} for a long period of time, if it were disturbed through burning, logging, or other human activities, it would not regenerate in its present form and location. It is concluded that the ecotone, and especially the tree species limit, is a relict of a former climate and may have been established several thousand years ago.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=753126171\&sid=5\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Bristow, Katherine Jan Hansen} } @mastersthesis {454, title = {Tree-Ring Characteristics of Baldcypress Growing in Varying Flooding Regimes in the Barataria Basin, Lousiana}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1981}, school = {Louisiana State University and Agricultural \& Mechanical College}, abstract = {Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L. Rich.) is a desirable species for tree ring studies due to its longevity, resistance to decay, and the statistical characteristics of the ring record (Bowers, 1973). This investigation endeavors to determine: (1) the type and number of samples needed for such studies; (2) the values of x-ray densitometry analysis with the species; (3) the usefulness of the data for delineating differences in swamp sites which differ in length of flooding and if these differences could affect wood quality; and (4) the appropriateness of the data from disturbed swamp sites in south Louisiana to dendroclimatic studies. Differences exist in eight sample types. Furrow samples have a large number of missing and/or merging growth rings, are difficult to measure, and their statistical characteristics are no better than those of lobe samples. Compass direction is not significant but south samples contain twice as many resinous bands. Over 50\% of the chronology variance is accounted for by differences among core chronologies. Thus, it is beneficial to take two or more samples per tree. A sample size of 120, four cores from thirty trees, is required to reduce the standard error of the sample mean to .05 or less. X-ray densitometry did not alleviate problems with crossdating and false rings which are common with baldcypress. Although statistical characteristics of the density parameters do not indicate their use in dendroclimatic studies, the density data are significantly correlated with both mean monthly precipitation and temperature. A shift in hydrology from permanently to seasonally flooded enhanced wood production in good years; and, maximum latewood became more homogeneous among trees. Wide rings are characterized by increases in density and more abrupt ring profiles. Maximum latewood and minimum earlywood vary together; the greatest difference in ring uniformity is due to changes in maximum latewood. The statistics generated indicate that dendroclimatic studies of baldcypress in south Louisiana should prove fruitful. Evidence demonstrates that the species will be useful in analyzing regional anomalies, such as the low winter temperatures of the 1960{\textquoteright}s and 1976-79, and that baldcypress data may be able to be pooled with data from other species.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=751675381\&sid=14\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Bowers, Lynne Jordan} } @mastersthesis {447, title = {Tempests, Freshets and Mackerel Skies; Climatoligical Data from Diaries using Content Analysis}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1980}, school = {University of Maine at Orono}, abstract = {For most of this century members of the scientific community have been studying the record of and reason for climate change. The realization that we in the Northern Hemisphere have been living during a period of abnormally warm temperatures and relatively settled conditions which now may be changing, has spawned considerable recent research. Why do climates change and what is the impact of these changes on human populations? In their attempt to answer these questions, researchers have turned to the past to test their hypotheses and to gather evidence of climate change.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=749698611\&sid=10\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Baron, William R.} } @mastersthesis {716, title = {An ecological model of trade: Prehistoric economic change in the northern Rio Grande region of New Mexico}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1977}, school = {University of Arizona}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=759276391\&sid=29\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Gordon Bronitsky} } @mastersthesis {463, title = {Geophysics Education in North America}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1976}, school = {University of Arizona}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=760459481\&sid=8\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Cathey, Everett Henry} } @mastersthesis {452, title = {Methods for Analyzing Climatic Variations in the North Pacific Sector and Western North America for the Last Few Centuries}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1975}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, abstract = {The investigation of summer and winter climatic variations in the North Pacific sector and western North America during the last few centuries is the subject of this study. Tree ring widths from western North America are used as indicators of the past climate. It is shown that large scale spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation anomaly which are in turn related to large scale spatial patterns of pressure anomaly, i.e., to the general circulation. A spatial correlation method is chosen to identify and describe the major types of general circulation, as reflected in anomaly patterns of sea-level pressure, during the 20th Century. Five such anomaly type-patterns are identified for summer and four for winter. These are each associated with an assemblage of generalized weather patterns and a corresponding pattern of temperature and precipitation anomaly in the United States, as well as with a spatial anomaly pattern of tree ring widths from 49 sites over western North America. The occurrence of one of these ring width patterns for some year in the past is suggestive of the corresponding occurrence of the associated climatic anomaly type. Orthogonal eigenvector techniques are then selected for use in the development of a statistical model to estimate departure patterns of sea-level pressure using the ring width departures as predictor data. The model is first calibrated using available pressure data since 1899. The model is then applied to estimate winter pressure departure patterns since 1700 A.D. As a means of summarizing these climatic reconstructions, the estimated pressure departure pattern for each winter is compared with each of the type-patterns using correlation coefficients as a measure of comparison. The time series of correlation coefficients between a type-pattern and each winter{\textquoteright}s estimate departure pattern provides an indicator of the occurrence, or non occurrence, of the corresponding anomaly type through time. Graphs of the time series of correlation coefficients corresponding to each of the four type-patterns are presented as indicators of reconstructed winter climatic variations for approximately the last two and one-half centuries. If an estimated pressure departure pattern is highly correlated with one of the type-patterns, the simultaneous occurrences of the temperature and precipitation anomalies associated with 20th Century occurrences of that pressure type-pattern are implicitly specific. These implicit estimates of temperature and precipitation anomaly are then independently verified using available data for the United States from the last half of the 19th Century. The climatic reconstructions are in good agreement with the recorded data and are found to complement and augment the findings of other investigators.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=760425931\&sid=12\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Blasing, Terrence Jack} } @mastersthesis {455, title = {Secular Changes of Precipitation in the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Western States}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1974}, school = {University of Boulder}, keywords = {Meterology}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=758390521\&sid=2\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Bradley, Raymond S.} } @mastersthesis {445, title = {A Dendrochronological Study in Ireland with Reference to the Dating of Medieval and Post Medieval Timbers}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1973}, school = {Queen{\textquoteright}s University of Belfast}, author = {Baillie, Michael George Lockhart} } @mastersthesis {449, title = {Theorie Astronomique des Paleoclimats, Volume I \& Volume II}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1973}, school = {Universit{\'e} catholique de Louvain}, author = {Berger, Andre L.} } @mastersthesis {453, title = {Tree-Ring Dating of the Bald Cypress (Taxodium Distichum [L] Rich.) in the Lower Mississippi Valley}, volume = {MS}, year = {1973}, school = {Arkansas State University}, abstract = {The purpose of this study is to determine if bald cypress (Taxodium distichum [L] Rich.) can be used satisfactorily for tree ring dating and, if so, to establish a master tree ring chronology for the area referred to as the {\textquotedblleft}sunk lands.{\textquotedblright} (no abstract provided, taken from introduction p.1)}, author = {Bowers, Lynne Jordan} } @mastersthesis {537, title = {An Analysis of Periglacial Climatic Indicators of Late Glacial Time in North America}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1972}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, keywords = {Meterology}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=759016511\&sid=7\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Moran, Joseph Micheal} } @mastersthesis {482, title = {Analysis of the Winter Climatic Pattern at the Time of the Mycenaean Decline}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1971}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=761858411\&sid=4\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Donley, David Lee} } @mastersthesis {555, title = {An Assessment of the Role of Volcanic Dust in Determining Modern Changes in the Temperature of the Northern Hemisphere}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1971}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, keywords = {Meterology}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=756913801\&sid=8\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Reitan, Clayton Harold} } @mastersthesis {584, title = {Dating the Temporal Limits of Climatic Episodes During the Holocene}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1971}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, keywords = {Meterology}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=758273691\&sid=8\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Wendland, Wayne Marcel} } @mastersthesis {460, title = {Variation in Transpiration and its Relationship with Growth for Pinus Ponderosa Lawson in Southern Arizona}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1969}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {The climate, water loss, and certain aspects of growth in semiarid-site ponderosa pine were measured from 1 February 1966 to 10 March 1967 to determine the environmental relationships governing transpiration, internal water balance, and tracheid production. Water loss from branches and from entire trees was measured by means of polyethylene enclosures. Changes in internal water status of the tree were ascertained from seasonal trends in loss of water from branches and diurnal as well as seasonal changes in the radius of the bole. The elongation of branches and needles, and the production of tracheids and their size and wall thickness were related to the coincident internal water status of the tree. The branch enclosure technique was found to be a convenient method by which the water loss process could be studied. The seasonal changes in transpiration undoubtedly were influenced by the elevated temperatures that developed within the enclosure during the day. However, the elevated temperatures did not appear to adversely influence branch and needle elongation within the chamber. Warm air temperatures and low soil moisture during June and early July increased internal water stress, reduced daytime water loss, and reduced elongation of branches and needles. Fewer tracheida were produced in the upper bole. They were small and had thick walls. Moisture from rains in July replenished soil moisture and larger, thin walled tracheids were differentiated so that the intra-annular band of small, thick-walled cells became apparent. Gradual shrinkage of the upper bole in June implied that the above changes in growth were due to changes in internal water deficits. There were no marked changes in tracheid sizes and wall thickness in the lower hole during 1966. Intra-annular bands of narrow, thick-walled tarcheids occurred three times during the last 10 years in the upper bole and only times in the last 50 years in the lower bole. Graphical analysis showed that midday reductions in rates of transpiration during periods of low soil moisture and high air temperatures occurred in spite of steepening water vapor gradients and before stomates were closed. This evidence supports the hypothesis that reductions in water loss during midday may result directly from internal water deficits. Soil moisture, air temperature, and incident radiation appeared to influence transpiration by alerting the availability of water, the vapor pressure gradient, and the energy available for evaporation.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=755441531\&sid=6\&Fmt=1\&clientld=43922\&RQT=309\&Vname=PQD}, author = {Budelsky, Carl A.} } @mastersthesis {458, title = {The Photosynthetic Regime of Some Southern Arizona Ponderosa Pine}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1968}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {The climate and CO2 exchange rates of some semi-arid site ponderosa pine were measured over a four-year period. Upper crown branches were placed in polyethylene enclosures and the CO2 exchange measured by an infrared gas analyser. These enclosures had little effect upon the natural environment, except through the maintenance of a constant wind speed. In this study the wind speed was low. Needle temperatures of unenclosed seedlings departed significantly from air temperature, and daytime needle temperatures of an enclosed seedling were similar to those of unenclosed seedling in low wind conditions. Nighttime needle temperatures of the enclosed seedling were lower than those of enclosed seedlings. An energy balance analysis was successfully applied to the needle temperature measurements of enclosed seedlings. When applied to enclosed seedlings this analysis sowed a considerable decrease in the amount of radiant energy transmitted by the polyethylene, primarily due to the reflection of 13\% of the long wave radiation. The absorption by the seedling of emitted long wave radiation reflected by the enclosing polyethylene made it impossible to accurately predict the needle temperature of enclosed branches. A distinct, climatically influenced annual CO2 exchange regime was found with high rates of net CO2 absorption during non-freezing winter periods, and with low net CO2 absorption or net CO2 evolution during the hot, dry summer. With favorable environmental conditions high rates of net CO2 absorption were also measured during the spring and autumn seasons. Distinct daily regimes of CO2 exchange were found associated with specific environmental conditions. The measurements of CO2 exchange obtained from the enclosed branch were confirmed as representative by occasional enclosure and monitoring of the entire tree.}, keywords = {Botany}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=756120291\&sid=2\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Brown, James Milton} } @mastersthesis {732, title = {The effects of thinning and nutrient treatments on the growth of ponderosa pine.}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1966}, school = {University of Arizona}, url = {no copy on file in LTRR}, author = {Roy Scott Beasley} } @mastersthesis {899, title = {The Archaeological Interpretation of Tree-Ring Specimins for Dating Southwestern Ceramic Styles}, volume = {Doctor of Philosophy}, year = {1963}, month = {1963}, school = {University of Arizona}, address = {Tucson}, abstract = {

The interpretation of approximately 5715 dated tree-ring specimens from about 342 archaeological sites in the American Southwest is the basis for \“dating\” the pottery types found in association. The time involved spans the period from the introduction of fired ceramics to the Spanish Entrada, approximately A.D. 1550.

The provenience and site situation information for both the dated tree-ring specimens and the associated pottery is tabulated for each site and site-area which has tree-ring dates, except when these data are accessible in the literature.

Criteria for establishing the validity of the association and provenience of the tree-ring specimens and the pottery are formulated. The interpretation and evaluation of the validity of these dates and associations is the basis for \“dating\” the various pottery types. The occurrence of pottery in \“Indigenous\” and \“Trade\” situation is presented separately; the pottery types in these categories are dated separately, in so far as possible, and then evaluated in terms of total distribution and context. Approximately 325 pottery types, varieties, and ceramic categories are dated on the basis of archaeological associations with tree-ring specimens. The data presented do not change the gross time placements of previous workers, but they do (1) refine some pottery dates, (2) reject others, and (3) give differing validity to additional ceramic dates.

The concept of \“pottery type\” is used as the analytical unit for dating Southwestern ceramics. The concept of \“Ceramic Style\” represents synthesis at a higher level of abstraction and does not lend itself to dating based on tree-ring material.

A progressive increase in the amount and range of traded pottery is noted through time. The increase in the distribution of various pottery types after about A.D. 1250 is also accompanied by an increase in attempts to make local copies of certain pottery types obtained by trade.

Decorated pottery types which occur as trade products tend to persist in later archaeological contexts and this situation is discussed as the \“Lasting Phenomenon of Traded Ceramics.\”

Southwestern pottery is distributed in prehistoric times on the basis of hand-to-hand or person-to-person contact and although the amount of trade and the spatial dispersal increase in time, particularly after 1250, this trade never reaches the same degree of institutionalization that is seen in Mesoamerica.\  An associated feature is an emphasis on the trading of small, decorated vessels, as opposed to large, utility or undecorated, ceramic containers.

}, keywords = {anthropology, Archaeology, ceramic, dating, dendrochronology, indiginous, lasting phenomenon of traded ceramics, pottery, site, southwest, spanish entrada, specimen, style, trade, tree ring}, author = {Breternitz, David Alan} } @mastersthesis {446, title = {Tree-Ring Dating of Archaeological Sites in the Chaco Canyon Region, New Mexico}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1960}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {A total of 828 tree-ring dates, representing 46 different sites in the Chaco Canyon region of northwestern new Mexico, has been compiled from published references, records of the Laboratory of Tree-Rig Research at the University of Arizona, and recent dating work carried out by the writer. When ever possible, these dates have been presented individually along with the species, type of sample, and site provenience of every dated specimen, and an accounting has been given of the collection and present location of the pieces, the people responsible for the dating, and any previous publication of the dates. Each dated site has been discussed with respect to name, location, description, excavation, and the temporal relationship between the site and the associated tree-ring dates. It has been shown that the correct archaeological interpretation of dates depends upon the satisfactory solution of two basic problems: (1) the time relationship that exists between the date of the specimen and the archaeological manifestation being dated, and (2) the complicating factor introduced by the possibility of exterior rings lost from a dated tree-ring sample. A third requisite for correct interpretation, and understanding of the symbols used in the listing of dates, has necessitated a detailed explanation of the various forms of presentation used with Chaco Canon region dates. An analysis of all the dates has revealed five broad occupational periods for the region, four of them delineated by the temporal clustering of dated sites, and a fifth period (typified by Mesa Verde sites) distinguishable mainly through archaeological considerations. The five periods cover a span of 13 centuries from the late 800{\textquoteright}s to the present day are characterized by (1) pithouse sites (2) classic Chaco sites, (3) Mesa Verde sites, (4) Navajo-Refugee Pueblo sites, and (5) Navajo sites.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=763297551\&sid=4\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Bannister, Bryant} }