@mastersthesis {476, title = {Deciphering arctic climate in a past greenhouse world: Multiproxy reconstructions of pliocene climate}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2011}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {

The high sensitivity of high latitudes to global climate changes is the stimulus for the study of ancient Arctic ecosystems under greenhouse conditions. With an increasing number of studies, including the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report highlighting Pliocene climate as key example for the study of Earth system sensitivity to higher levels of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ , the need for accurate proxy records for this period is crucial. In order to investigate Pliocene climate, I used stable isotopic studies of fossil molluscs, moss and wood from two fossil forest deposits in the Canadian High Arctic. Temperatures were determined for an Early Pliocene (4-5 Ma) fossil forest site located on Ellesmere Island using \‘clumped\’ and stable isotopic analysis of mollusc shells and stable isotope values of fossil wood. Mollusc inferred growing season (May-Sept) temperatures derived using two independent techniques were estimated to be 11-16\°C warmer than present (1950-1990) Ellesmere Island temperatures. Tree ring inferred growing season (June-July) temperatures (JJ) were 10-16\°C and mean annual temperatures (MAT) were 18-20\°C warmer than present (1950-1990). Mean annual and growing season (JJ) temperatures were also determined using fossil wood from a younger (2.4-2.8 Ma) late Pliocene-early Pleistocene site on Bylot Island. This deposit represents the remains of a flora that grew during an interglacial warm period during the transition to large-scale Northern Hemisphere glaciation that occurred between 2.5 to 3 million years ago. Mean annual temperatures were \∼12\° C and growing season temperatures were \∼13\°C warmer than present (1923-2010). The interglacial setting of the Bylot Island site and the warm temperatures suggests that prior to using such sites as true analogues of future conditions we may need to consider how close the feedbacks operating then were to the feedbacks we might expect in the future. However, that temperatures so much warmer than present existed in the high Arctic during a period when levels of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ were at nearpresent levels indicates that we may be moving beyond our ability to use the Pliocene as an example of the future.

}, keywords = {Paleoclimate Science}, author = {Csank, Adam Zoltan} } @mastersthesis {473, title = {Extracting Cultural Information from Ship Timber}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2010}, school = {Texas A\&M University}, abstract = {

This dissertation is rooted in one general question: what can the wood from ships reveal about the people and cultures who built them? Shipwrecks are only the last chapter of a complex story, and while the last fifty years of nautical archaeology have managed to rewrite a number of these chapters, much of the information unrelated to a ship\’s final voyage remains a mystery. However, portions of that mystery can be exposed by an examination of the timbers. An approach for the cultural investigation of ship timbers is presented and attempts are made to establish the most reliable information possible from the largely unheralded treasures of underwater excavations: timbers. By introducing the written record, iconographic record, and the social, economic, and political factors to the archaeological record a more complete analysis of the cultural implications of ship and boat timbers is possible. I test the effectiveness of the approach in three varied case-studies to demonstrate its limits and usefulness: ancient Egypt\’s Middle Kingdom, the Mediterranean under Athenian influence, and Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula during the Discoveries. The results of these studies demonstrate how ship timbers can be studied in order to better understand the people who built the vessels.

}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/856582319?accountid=8360}, author = {Creasman, Pearce Paul} } @mastersthesis {464, title = {Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide impacts carbon dynamics in a C(4)-sorghum-soil agroecosystem: An application of stable carbon isotopes (delta carbon-13) in tracing the fate of carbon in the atmosphere-plant-soil ecosystem}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2005}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Although a strong inter-dependence exists between atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) and the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle, the response of plant-soil ecosystems to the rapid increase in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ is not well understood. My dissertation research focused on the impacts of elevated CO$_{2}$ on the carbon dynamics of plant-soil ecosystems, which were a major part of the overall C$_{4}$-sorghum Free-Air CO$_{2}$ Enrichment (FACE) experiment conducted by the University of Arizona and USDA at the Maricopa Agriculture Center, Arizona, USA, in 1998 and 1999. In the experiment, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) crop was exposed to elevated CO$_{2}$ ({\textquotedblleft}FACE{\textquotedblright}: ca. 560 {\textmu}mol mol$^{-}${\textonesuperior}) and ambient CO$_{2}$ ({\textquotedblleft}Control{\textquotedblright}: ca. 360 {\textmu}mol mol$^{-}${\textonesuperior}) interacting with well-watered and water-stressed treatments. The results from my study showed that the seasonal mean soil respiration rate measured in elevated CO$_{2}$ plots over two growing seasons was 3.3 {\textmu}mol m$^{-}${\texttwosuperior}s$^{-}${\textonesuperior}, i.e., 12.7\% higher than the 2.9 {\textmu}mol m$^{-}${\texttwosuperior}s$^{-}${\textonesuperior}in ambient CO$_{2}$ plots. The increased respiration mainly resulted from the stimulated root respiration under elevated CO$_{2}$, which increased 36.1\% compared to that under ambient CO$_{2}$. Measured changes in sorghum residue biochemistry caused by CO$_{2}$ were detected, with decrease of amino acids and hemicellulose carbohydrates by 7\% and 8\%, respectively, and increase of cellulose carbohydrates and lignin by 49\% and 5\%, respectively. Phenolics were only significantly higher in FACE roots. The C:N ratio of sorghum tissues was not affected by elevated CO$_{2}$, but was substantially lower under water stress. The laboratory incubation showed that an average of 7.3\% significantly less respired CO$_{2}$ was released from the FACE-tissue-amended soil than the Control-tissues-amended soil over the full 79-d incubation period. Non-lignin phenolics (r{\texttwosuperior} = 0.93, p = 0.002), and lignin (r{\texttwosuperior} = 0.89, p = 0.004) were found to be the most important factors related to the sorghum tissue decomposition. Highly stable residues of FACE sorghum input to the soil resulted in the increase of the recalcitrant C pool and the decrease of the labile C pool. As a result, mean residence time of SOC in FACE field plot increased compared to that in Control plot, suggesting that the SOC under elevated CO$_{2}$ was more stable against decomposition.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=885700691\&sid=10\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Cheng, Li} } @mastersthesis {648, title = {Beyond snaketown: Household inequality and political power in early Hohokam society}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2004}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {This study examines Pre-Classic Hohokam sociopolitical organization using data collected from recent research in the middle Gila River Valley of southern Arizona. The Pre-Classic period, ca. A.D. 500 to 1150, witnessed the first appearance of extensive irrigation works in the middle Gila River Valley. It also witnessed the introduction of ballcourts as part of a regional ceremonial and exchange system. Archaeologists disagree about the conditions that gave rise to these developments. Some researchers point to the scale of the irrigation works and the apparent need for massive labor coordination to argue for political centralization and the emergence of bureaucratic elites. Others point to the likely use of ballcourts as ritual facilities to argue that ultimate authority was vested in the hands of religious leaders. The dynamics of power in Hohokam society are examined in this study from the vantage point of a group of households that lived at the Grewe site, the ancestral village to Casa Grande Ruins. Attention is directed to the demographic and environmental conditions that contributed to household inequality at Grewe. New methods are advanced for deriving population estimates and measuring household wealth based on architectural evidence. This information is then used to explore the role of wealthy households in promoting political growth in early Hohokam society. It is argued that the influence of wealthy households extended across multiple social levels and multiple generations. }, keywords = {Arizona, Hohokam, Household inequality, Political power, Prehistoric households, Society}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=766021551\&sid=5\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Douglas Craig} } @mastersthesis {724, title = {Fire effects and vegetation response in a Madrean oak woodland, southeastern Arizona}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1994}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Following a June wildfire on the south slope of the Santa Catalina Mountains, vegetation was sampled to determine how composition, and fine fuels were affected. Spring and fall samples were taken in burned and unburned plots at three sites on south, east and north aspects. Twenty-one common species were selected for intensive analysis. Burning caused compositional changes with the most significant occurring on the north slope. Woody species and Selaginella were reduced while herbaceous species recovered rapidly. Total cover was generally greater in burned than unburned areas by 2$1\over2$ yr postfire. Recovery was rapid on south slopes dominated by herbaceous perennials and slower on north slopes dominated by woody species and Selaginella preburn. Oaks resprouted well after being topkilled, with Quercus oblongifolia more resistant than Q. emoryi to fire injury. Total herbaceous and litter biomass varied between 272-622 g$\cdot$m$\sp{-2}$ at unburned and 253-370 g$\cdot$m$\sp{-2}$ at burned sites 2$1\over2$ yr postfire. }, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=743230371\&sid=55\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Anthony Caprio} } @mastersthesis {666, title = {Spatio-temporal characteristics of drought as inferred from tree-ring data in Morocco}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1992}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Long-term tree-ring series of Cedrus atlantica have been utilized to reconstruct and characterize past drought occurrences in Morocco. Based on the close relationship between tree growth and rainfall variations, the best tree-ring indicator of drought has been found to be, x$\sb0 = \mu$ $-$.75$\sigma,$ with $\mu$ and $\sigma$ the mean and standard deviation of the tree-ring series. In Morocco, drought is a short event lasting 1.7 years on average with 84\% of the events lasting less than 2 years. The average maximum duration exceeds 4 years. It is associated with a 40\% deficit about normal moisture availability which can add up to more than 125\% when the anomalies persist. The average empirical recurrence interval of drought is 8 years. Long-term persistence has been characterized by the Hurst coefficient. Over the domain of study, the mean Hurst coefficient is.765. The tree-ring series show a periodic behavior with two major peaks at 22 and 66 years. Drought characteristics have been extended from the tree-ring sites to other regions such as the agricultural plains using geostatistical methods. The drought prone areas are located in central Morocco, including the Sais, the Gharb and central Middle Atlas, which experience longer, more severe and more persistent droughts. The northern latitudes experience milder and shorter drought events. The cost for spatial extension of the results was greater kriging errors which make the estimates less reliable. However, cokriging significantly improved the reliability and the quality of the estimates. A regionalization, using cluster analysis, was found to follow the natural climatic and orographic zones of north central Morocco. The tree-ring data were used to reconstruct spatial patterns of moisture anomalies for the period 1845-1974. Three atmospheric factors appear to be important: (1) the relative strength and position of the Azores High, (2) the importance and location of the local cyclogenesis centers, (3) the importance of the northeastern perturbations coming from the Mediterranean sea. The periods 1860-1890, 1925-1950 and the 1970{\textquoteright}s are associated with dry anomalies while the periods 1900-1920 and 1950-1970 are associated with wet anomalies. They exhibit a rhythmic succession with a 20-year periodicity. }, keywords = {Cedrus atlantica}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=747430801\&sid=6\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Nabil Chbouki} } @mastersthesis {526, title = {Agroclimate, Harvest Variability, and Agricultural Strategies on Prehistoric Black Mesa, Northeasthern Arizona}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1991}, school = {Indiana University}, author = {Lebo, Cathy J.} } @book {882, title = {A Directory of Tree-Ring Dated Prehistoric Sites in the American Southwest}, year = {1991}, publisher = {Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research}, organization = {Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research}, address = {Tucson}, keywords = {Archaeology, dendrochrononology, directory, native american, Prehistoric, quadrangle series, site, southwest, tree ring}, author = {Robinson, William J. and Catherine M. Cameron} } @mastersthesis {906, title = {Potential for Use of Cottonwoods in Dendrogeomorphology and Paleohydrology}, volume = {Master of Science}, year = {1987}, pages = {52}, school = {University of Arizona}, address = {Tucson}, abstract = {

Fremont cottonwoods contain valuable environmental information that can be used to augment knowledge of fluvial systems. Cottonwoods have not been commonly used in dendrochronological studies because of difficulty in determining ring boundaries, uncertainty if growth rings are annual, as well as doubt whether riparian species cross-date. A new method of sample examination utilizing transmitted light permits clear view of ring boundaries, and resampling techniques suggest that the growth rings are annual. The cottonwoods studied are growing along Twentyfive Mile Wash and Harris Wash, both tributaries of the Escalante River in south-central Utah. Cross-dating was found among most of the cottonwood cores, except those from Harris Wash, which were approximately dated by ring counts. After application of rigorous dendrochronological methods, ring counts were deemed to be sufficient to estimate ages of cottonwoods, as the cores contain no missing rings and few false rings. Careful ring counts would accurately estimate the age of these trees to within 1 to 2\%. The cottonwoods studied are partially buried by 2 to 4 m of terrace sediments. Dating of the trees provides a minimum age for the terraces of 130 to 227 years. Lack of cross-dating between the cottonwoods and nearby arid-site ponderosa pines indicates that these species respond to different environmental or climatic factors. The ponderosas are limited by lack of moisture, while correlation analysis suggests that the cottonwoods are limited by excess moisture. Soil saturation often causes a decrease in growth due to insufficient oxygen available to the roots. However, in years with very little precipitation, cottonwood growth appears to be limited by lack of moisture, and in these particular years a small ring occurs in the cottonwood series as well as in the ponderosa series. Growth suppressions in the cottonwoods correlate either with known floods on the Escalante or Paria Rivers, or with droughts. If the suppression is due to drought, a corresponding small ring occurs in the ponderosas. Timing of paleofloods can be interfered from suppressions in the early portion of the cottonwood chronology. Rates of alleviation were estimated at 0.9 to 3.0 cm/yr by dividing the amount of sediment above the basal root flare of the trees by the age of the trees. All of these methods would be especially useful in dendrogeomorphological studies on ungaged watersheds, before periods of record, or in watersheds where cottonwoods are the only tree species available.

}, keywords = {cottonwood, dendrochronology, dendrogeomorphology, escalante, fluvial system, fremont, harris wash, paleoflood, paleohydrology, paria, ponderosa pine, terrace sediment, tree ring, twenty five mile wash, utah}, author = {Clark, Susanmarie} } @mastersthesis {471, title = {A Time Series Analysis Approach to Tree Ring Standardization}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1985}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {

The problem of standardizing closed-canopy forest ringwidth series is investigated. A biological model for the tree-ring standardization problem indicated that one class of non-climatic variance frequently responsible for standardization problems could be objectively minimized in theory. This is the variance caused by endogenous stand disturbances which create fluctuations in ringwidth series that are non-synchronous or out-of-phase when viewed across trees in a stand. A time series method based on the autoregressive process is developed which minimizes the timewise influence of endogenous disturbances in detrended ringwidth series. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) properties of this method are derived which indicate that autoregressive modelling and prewhitening of detrended ringwidth indices will result in a higher SNR when endogenous disturbances are present in the series. This enables the verification of the SNR theory and the error variance reduction property of the standardization method.

}, author = {Cook, Edward Roger} } @mastersthesis {474, title = {Tree-ring Response Functions: An Evaluation by Means of Stimulations}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1985}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {The problem of determining the response of tree ring width growth to monthly climate is examined in this study. The objective is to document which of the available regression methods are best suited to deciphering the complex link between tree growth variation and climate. Tree-ring response function analysis is used to determine which instrumental climatic variables are best associated with tree-ring width variability. Ideally such a determination would be accomplished, or verified, through detailed physiological monitoring of trees in their natural environment. A statistical approach is required because such biological studies on mature trees are currently too time consuming to perform. The use of lagged climatic data to duplicate a biological, rather than a calendar, year has resulted in an increase in the degree of intercorrelation (multicollinearity) of the independent climate variables. The presence of multicollinearity can greatly affect the sign and magnitude of estimated regression coefficients. Using series of known response, the effectiveness of five different regression methods were objectively assessed in this study. The results from each of the 2000 regressions were compared to the known regression weights and a measure of relative efficiency computed. The results indicate that ridge regression analysis is, on average, four times more efficient (average relative efficiency of 4.57) than unbiased multiple linear regression at producing good coefficient estimates. The results from principal components regression are slight improvements over those from multiple linear regression with an average relative efficiency of 1.45.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=753282251\&sid=28\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Cropper, John Philip} } @proceedings {750, title = {The Use and Limitation of Dendrochronology in Studying the Effects of Air Pollution on Forests}, year = {1985}, note = {

Copies of this are available in the Tree Ring Laboratory. Please contact the curator for more information. pcreasman@ltrr.arizona.edu

}, keywords = {agriculture, air pollution, climate, dendrochronology, environment, forests, wetlands}, author = {Cook, Edward Roger} } @mastersthesis {467, title = {X-ray Densitometric Measurement of Climatic Influence on the Intra-Annual Characteristics of Southern Semiarid Conifer Tree Rings}, year = {1983}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Annual tree-ring width of Southwestern conifers growing on dry sites exhibits sensitivity to variation in climatically created moisture stress. Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and pinyon in the eastern San Juan Basin in northwestern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado were sampled at four sites to investigate covariation of climate with intra-annual anatomy. The sites possessed characteristics that created different amounts of physiological stress in trees. Increment borer samples were glued into wooden mounts and machined to approximately 1.0 mm thickness by a special router-planer. All samples were crossdated by comparing climatically controlled synchronous patterns of ring widths. Moving slit X-ray densitometry (at Forintek Canada Corporation Western Forest Products Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia) objectively defined the earlywood zone (large, low density cells) and latewood zone (smaller, denser cells formed late in the growing season) in each ring. The densitometer measured eight parameters for each ring: ring, earlywood, and latewood width, minimum and maximum density, and mean ring, earlywood, and latewood density. Individual radial series were standardized (i.e, transformed to indices with 1.0 mean and homogeneous variance) by fitting curves and dividing annual values by the corresponding curve values. Density series proved more difficult to standardize than widths and usually correlated more poorly among individual radii of the same data type. Statistical characteristics of site summary density chronologies differed from width chronologies. Response functions using monthly mean temperature and total precipitation showed climate influenced all data types. Low moisture stress increased ring, earlywood, and latewood width and ring, maximum, and latewood density. High moisture stress increased minimum and earlywood density. No width or density type consistently covaried more than any other with climate. Linkage of climatic variation with density parameters differed considerably from that reported in the literature for conifers growing in wetter, cooler climates. Southwestern conifers posed unique densitometric technical difficulties. Selection of sites that caused moderate physiological stress and samples with few missing rings proved critical. Acquisition of density data required much more time and effort than optical measurement of ring width, but yielded valuable intra-annual data. Intra-annual densitometric data hold great promise for reconstruction of seasonal paleoclimate.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=752888331\&sid=23\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Cleaveland, Malcolm} } @mastersthesis {469, title = {Eastern U.S. Tree-Ring Widths and Densities as Indicators of Past Climate}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1982}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Long-lived trees preserve a record of environmental conditions during their lifetime in the pattern of yearly xylem widths and in changing wood density within and among the increments. Crossdated earlywood, latewood, and total ring widths, and minimum earlywood and maximum latewood densities, from three sites in the mountains of Maine, are analyzed visually and statistically to evaluate their relationships to one another and to external, environmental factors which affect the ring width and density through internal, physiological processes. Maximum density values show highest levels of similarity within and among the three site chronologies, thus implying a good degree of sensitivity to climate; minimum density values, however, showed lowest sensitivity to climate. Two biologically reasonable hypotheses concerning climate--tree growth interactions are proposed: (1) that maximum density is related to spring temperatures prior to its formation; and (2) that maximum density is related to summer water relations as the latewood forms. With the help of response function analysis, simple correlation, and multiple linear regression, these two hypotheses are tested: (1) maxmum density as a single predictor explains up to 37\% of spring temperature variance; with earlywood widths at one site, 47\% of spring temperature variance is explained; (2) maximum density as a single predictor explains up to 45\% of summer temperature variance, 11\% of summer precipitation variance, and 23\% of the variance of Thornthwaite water deficit values; with total ring widths at one site, 22\% of the variance of summer stream runoff is explained. Regression equations were applied to the 201- to 310-year tree-ring records to form reconstructions of these past climatic events. Independent verification testing of the reconstructions strongly validates the relationship between maximum density and spring temperature; the relationship to summer water relations is not as strongly verified, but results encourage further testing of this relationship. Results from this study may be applied both to (1) an increased understanding of relationship of climate to the formation of wood density; and (2) further development of dendroclimatology in mesic regions such as northeastern North America.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=748496351\&sid=24\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Conkey, Laura Elizabeth} } @mastersthesis {475, title = {Reconstruction of North Pacific Surface Pressure Anomaly Types from Alaskan and Western Candian Tree-ring Data}, volume = {MS}, year = {1981}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Spatial anomaly patterns of sea level pressure over the North Pacific sector of the Northern Hemisphere are statistically calibrated with principal components of arctic tree growth. Principal component weights of tree growth prior to 1900 are substituted into the calibration equation to construct the occurrence of past pressure anomaly types in the 19th century. The success of the constructions is statistically tested against independently derived reconstructions of the same pressure anomaly types from a grid of 65 tree-ring sites in western North America and against an independently derived temperature reconstruction for Fairbanks, Alaska. Of the 30 initial regression models developed only two passed enough verification tests against independent data to be considered reasonable reconstructions. The two chosen models were both reconstructing the same pressure anomaly type and were averaged to form a final reconstruction. Climatic conditions inferred from the arctic tree data are an anomalous strengthening of the summer North Pacific High, in the period 1920 to 1940, with associated anomalously cold summer temperatures at Fairbanks summer temperatures as occurred in the early 20th century (1920 to 1938). Based upon this work, recommendations are made for future study.}, author = {Cropper, John Philip} } @mastersthesis {462, title = {Feasibility of Using Tree-Ring Chronologies to Augment Hydrologic Records in Tasmania, Australia}, volume = {MS}, year = {1980}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Monthly streamflow records from 8 gauging stations in western Tasmania seasonalized to include either the 5 months, November through March, or the 12 months, April through March, were used as predictands is a series of multiple linear regressions. The predictors were tree-ring eigenvector amplitudes derived from 11 chronologies, representing 4 species, from sites all over the state. Tree-ring widths in both the current and following years were significant in predicating runoff for the November-March period but not for the longer season.Canonical correlations and regressions calculated between the set of 8 runoff records and he set of 11 tree-ring chronologies accounted for 47\% of the variance of the 5-month streamflow during the 1958-1973 calibration period. Estimates of seasonalized summer runoff back though 1776 at 8 gauging stations were obtained by applying canonical regression equations to the 198-year tree-ring record. Three of the reconstructed series were verified using runoff data recorded for at least 8 years outside the calibration period.The results of this first attempt to employ tree-ring chronologies to extend streamflow records in Tasmania show promise for more widespread future applications of the technique.}, author = {Campbell, Desnee Anne} } @mastersthesis {468, title = {Dendroclimatology in the Northeastern United States}, volume = {MS}, year = {1979}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Canonical correlations and regressions were calculated between a set of 7 tree-ring width chronologies and a set of 12 temperature or 15 precipitation records from the northeastern United States. The regressions calibrated 38.5\% of the winter temperature variance, 26.5\% of the winter precipitation variance, 20.9\% of the spring precipitation variance in the dependent period, 1905-1960. The regression equations were then applied to the 275-year record of the 7 tree-ring chronologies to obtain estimates of past temperature and precipitation. Reconstructions wee tested for statistical verification with climatic data not used in the regressions, and the series that showed highest verification in each season was selected for further study. The best winter temperature reconstruction passed 50\% of the verification tests, the best winter precipitation reconstruction passed 12.5\% of the tests, and the best spring precipitation reconstruction passed 26.8\% of the tests. The reconstructions of the stations which passed the most verification tests in each season were averaged, and the regional averages were smoothed and plotted. These presented as a first, tentative approximation of past climate.}, author = {Conkey, Laura Elizabeth} } @mastersthesis {714, title = {A statistical analysis of activity organization: Grasshopper Pueblo, Arizona}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1978}, school = {University of Arizona}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=759315121\&sid=28\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Richard Ciolek-Torrello} } @mastersthesis {472, title = {Densitometric Studies of the Wood of Young Coastal Douglas-Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco).}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1976}, school = {University of British Colombia}, url = {https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/20225}, author = {Cown, David John} } @mastersthesis {463, title = {Geophysics Education in North America}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1976}, school = {University of Arizona}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=760459481\&sid=8\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Cathey, Everett Henry} } @mastersthesis {470, title = {A Tree Ring Analysis of Four Tree Species Growing in Southeastern New York State}, volume = {MS}, year = {1976}, school = {University of Arizona}, author = {Cook, Edward Roger} } @mastersthesis {466, title = {Dendroclimatic Relationships of Shortleaf Pine (Pinus Echinat Mill.) in the South Carolina Piedmont}, volume = {MS}, year = {1975}, school = {Clemson University}, abstract = {An investigaiton was made of the dendrochronolical and dendroclimatic properties of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) in the western South Carolina Piedmont. Accurate dating of each annual ring was achieved by matching patterns of relatively narrow rings in the trees. Earlywood, latewood, and total annual radial growth were measured. To minimize non-climatic sources of radial growth variation, such as stand disturbance, and make different samples comparable, a computer program fitted an orthogonal polynomial curve to each series of measurements. Values for each year were divided by the curve value for that year. The resulting series were averaged to produce earlywood, latewood, and annual growth final chronologies with means of 1.0 and variances independent of age or mean growth of the trees. High resolution x-radiographs were made of the samples with the moving slit technique and intra-annual density variations were plotted by a scanning optical microdensitometer. Minimum earlywood and maximum latewood densities were measured. A regression line was...}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=754053131\&sid=1\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Cleaveland, Malcolm} } @mastersthesis {477, title = {Variation in Water Stress of Ponderosa Pine}, volume = {MS}, year = {1966}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Seasonal and diurnal variations in water stress of the one year old needles in ponderosa pine were followed using the Schardakow method of estimating diffusion pressure deficit and the relative turgidity method of estimating moisture deficit. Soil moisture, vapor pressure deficit of the atmosphere and changes in trunk radius were measured to ascertain their relationships to needle water stress. Diffusion pressure deficit increased with decreasing solid moisture until growth was initiated. At that time diffusion pressure deficit values were markedly reduced and this is attributed to changes in solute content resulting from high carbohydrate metabolism and translocation. Diurnal variations in diffusion pressure deficit followed closely the diurnal variations in vapor pressure deficit, but the measured changes in relative turgidity did not follow closely the changes in diffusion pressure deficit. Measurements of changes in truck radius appear useable for estimating needle tissue water status except during periods of terminal and cambial activity.}, author = {Cunningham, Gary Lynn} } @article {626, title = {A Trip to the Summit of Orizaba, The Altitudes of Orizaba and Popocatepetl Effects of High-Mountain Climbing}, journal = {Appalachia}, volume = {Vol. VIII}, year = {1898}, keywords = {Douglass, Orizaba, Popocatepetl, travel}, author = {Cogshall, W.A. and Douglass, A.E.} }