@mastersthesis {521, title = {Fire-Climate-Vegetation Interactions in Subalpine Forests of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area, Idaho and Montana, USA}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2003}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {The long term patterns of fire-climate interactions and forest recovery processes in subalpine forests are poorly understood. This study used a suite of dendrochronological techniques to identify tree growth-climate relationships, assess the interactions of fire with interannual climate variability, and reconstruct summer temperature in subalpine forests of the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area on the border of Idaho and Montana, USA. Comparison of ring-width chronologies from whitebark pine ( Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) and subalpine larch ( Larix lyallii Parl.) with modern climate data indicated that summer temperatures were most limiting to growth in these conifers. Warm summers were generally conducive to radial growth. However, the temporal stability of the climate-tree growth relationship weakens from the early to later periods of the record. Alterations to growing season length, possibly modified by snow pack, may be related to the reduction in climate-growth relationships. A 748-year reconstruction of average summer temperature was developed that explains [approximate]36\% of the variance of the instrumental record. Positive values of the coefficient of efficiency and reduction of error verification statistics indicated that the reconstruction was of good quality. Warm and cool periods in the reconstruction include a warm decade around the 1650s and prolonged cooling around 1700. Peaks in variance in reconstructed average summer temperature occurred at 87, 15, and 2 years. More than 2000 fire scar and age structure samples were used to evaluate fire-climate relationships. Comparison of widespread fire events to climate variables indicated dry conditions both during the fire year and one year before a fire. Multiple spatial patterns of drought and El Ni{\~n}o were related to widespread fire occurrence. Forest recovery following fires generally proceeds from lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta var. latifolia Dougl.) toward spruce-fir forests ( Picea engelmannii Parry- Abies lasiocarpa (Hook) Nutt.). Two successional pathways occur, one beginning with an initial lodgepole pine stage, the other a spruce-fir stage. Initial composition was related to the presence of overstory lodgepole pine at the time of fire occurrence as well as the intervals between successive fires. Collectively, these results suggest a strong multi-year drought linkage between climate and fire, and dependence on fire intervals for structuring forest communities.}, keywords = {Geography}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=765957031\&sid=4\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Kipfmueller, Kurt Foster} } @mastersthesis {657, title = {Late Prehistoric technological and social reorganization along the Mogollon Rim, Arizona}, volume = {Phd}, year = {2000}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {This study seeks to study the social processes of community reorganization through the changing technological organization of flaked stone tools. The Mogollon Rim region of east-central Arizona, between AD 1000 and AD 1400, was the scene of remarkable social changes. In this period, migrants were attracted into the region and new small communities were created. After a period of dispersed settlement pattern communities, some of the communities developed large, aggregated settlements. In this process of aggregation, community growth was facilitated by the incorporation of migrants. Social integrative forces at work included the development of interhousehold exchanges, as well as informal and formal suprahousehold organizations. In spite of these social integrative forces, community dissolution and abandonment sooner or later came to all of these settlements. The technology of daily life is one means of exploring these social organizational forces. Chipped stone studies have been behind the times in the American Southwest when addressing social organization research through the examination of Pueblo chipped stone assemblages. Technological organization is a creation of households and suprahousehold groups. Technological organization changes as community organization changes. This study examines the chipped stone tools and debitage from ten east-central Arizona pueblos, forming inferences about how the organization of chipped stone tool production, distribution, consumption, and discard was arranged in each community. Each community studied was a product of migrants and resident families, social exchanges, social integration, and social dissolution. This study demonstrates the utility of chipped stone analysis for studying the social processes at work in communities. }, keywords = {Arizona, Flaked stone tools, Mogollon Rim, Prehistoric, Social reorganization, Technological organization}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=727734641\&sid=17\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Eric Kaldahl} } @mastersthesis {516, title = {Fire History in Riparian Canyon Pine-Oak Forests and the Intervening Desert Grasslands of the Southwest Borderlands: A Dendroecological, Historical, and Cultural Inquiry}, volume = {MS}, year = {1998}, school = {University of Arizona}, address = {Tucson}, abstract = {

Dendroecological, documentary, and ethnoecological evidence were combined to provide an integrated understanding of past natural and cultural fires in the Southwest Borderlands. Fire frequency for the desert grasslands was inferred from synchronous intercanyon fire events. Mean fire intervals range between 4-8 years in canyon pine-oak forests, 4-9 years in the intervening desert grasslands, and 5-9 years in the mixed-conifer forests. Riparian canyon pine-oak forests were important corridors for fire spread between the desert grasslands and higher-elevation forests. The decline of post-settlement (\>1870s) fires typical of most forests in U.S., is not evident south of the border in Mexico.

Documentary evidence reveals the Apache had detailed knowledge of fire, that burning practices were controlled and limited, and ecosystem enhancement through intentional burning was not suggested. However, the common exception was burning practiced during wartime periods, principally by the Apache but also by the Spanish, Mexicans, and later Americans. Fire reconstructions indicate that wartime-period fires were significantly more frequent than peacetime periods at several canyon-rancher{\'I}a sites.

}, keywords = {apache, borderland, cultural, dendrochronology, dendroecological, desert grassland, ethnoecological, fire, fire history, historical, Mexico, oak, peacetime, pine, post settlement, riparian, southwest, spanish, wartime, Watershed Management}, author = {Kaib, J. Mark} } @mastersthesis {515, title = {Modellierung der Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen der variation von klimatischen Elementen des Wasserhaushalts und dem Radialzuwachs von Fichten (Piecia abies (L.) Karst.) aus Hochlangen des S{\"u}dschwarzwald}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1994}, school = {University of Freiburg}, author = {Kahle, Hans-Peter} } @mastersthesis {728, title = {Age structure and fire disturbance in the southern Sierra Nevada subalpine forest}, volume = {M.S.}, year = {1991}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {I used age structure to examine the role of fire disturbance and climate on the population dynamics of the subalpine forest in the southern Sierra Nevada. I cored trees on ten 0.1 ha plots (3300-3400 m elevation) that varied in species composition, from single-species foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) or lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta, var. murrayana), to mixed-species stands of both pines. Crossdating was used to produce accurate dates of tree recruitment and fire events. Age structure varied by plot species composition: lodgepole pine recruitment pattern is pulsed, sometimes forming single-cohort patches in response to fire; foxtail pine plots have a more steady pattern of recruitment; mixed-species plots show an intermediate recruitment pattern. Fire may maintain a species composition mosaic in the subalpine forest. Foxtail pine regeneration may increase in areas opened by fire, although not immediately following fire. Low-intensity fire may spread over areas larger than previously reported under certain conditions in the subalpine zone. In addition, unusually frequent, extreme, and/or extended periods of drought may severely limit subalpine tree regeneration. Growing season frost events and grazing before 1900 may also have affected trees establishing in the subalpine zone.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=747829851\&sid=7\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {MaryBeth Keifer} } @mastersthesis {692, title = {Rethinking methods and paradigms of ceramic chronology}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1991}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Methods of ceramic chronology building are based on certain assumptions concerning the pattern of stylistic change in ceramics. These assumptions are, however, not necessarily identical in different methods. Also, the general applicability of the assumptions in each method is not endorsed by solid empirical observations of stylistic change in ceramics and theoretical considerations concerning processes producing stylistic change in ceramics. The inapplicability of assumptions of a method undermines the reliability of ceramic chronology created by the method. In order to evaluate the reliability of existing ceramic chronologies, (1) theoretical considerations were made concerning processes producing stylistic change in ceramics and (2) empirical observations were made concerning aspects of stylistic change in ceramics in a well-controlled archaeological setting, i.e., stylistic change of Tusayan White and Gray Wares in the American Southwest between A.D. 850 and 1150 where tree-ring dating is available as an independent means of temporal control. As a result, it was revealed that (1) substantial temporal overlap can be present in the manufacture of successive styles of ceramics, (2) continuity criteria of the typological method are not necessarily applicable to stylistic change in ceramics even in a continuous population, and (3) significantly large time lags can be present in the diffusion of manufacturing frequencies of styles even within an area in which the styles are shared. In light of these findings, the typological method cannot be accepted as a method of ceramic chronology building. Occurrence and frequency seriations are, on the other hand, acceptable methods. However, for reliable chronological seriation attention must be paid to potential errors caused by contemporaneous variation of stylistic compositions among assemblages due to time lags in diffusion and variation in generational composition of individuals who produced assemblages. }, keywords = {Anasazi, Tusayan}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=744130961\&sid=3\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Yasushi Kojo} } @mastersthesis {520, title = {Radial Growth Patterns of Tree Species in Relation t Environmental Factors}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1988}, school = {Yale University}, abstract = {To develop a more sensitive model of tree diameter growth, this study compared time series of annual ring increments with a selection of measured and derived environmental variables. The more commonly used monthly climatic variables (e.g., temperature, precipitation) do not adequately explain the year-to-year variations in tree growth, especially in view of current interests in partitioning the role of atmospheric pollutants in reducing tree growth in the northeastern U.S. Daily mean temperature and predicted daily soil moisture content for the last 29 years were used as the basis for the environmental variables used to {\textquotedblleft}explain{\textquotedblright} the growth of four species of northern hardwoods: white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton). Daily soil moisture content was estimated using the BROOK hydrologic model as calibrated by a subset of actual measured soil moisture data for the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. The general patterns of tree growth were analyzed and annual growth of each species was evaluated by applying an autoregression model (lag 1) to linearly detrended index series derived from the ring-increment measurements. After changing patterns of the environmental factors were described, new variables were quantified on the basis of a newly proposed tree growth period. The relationships between tree growth fluctuation and the environmental factors were analyzed by applying the correlation analysis, simple linear regression analysis, factor analysis, and principal component analysis. Generally, the species showed diverse growth responses under similar environmental conditions and some stress related variables significantly explained tree growth fluctuation either positively or negatively. In addition, environmental conditions of late summer of the previous year were important in determining tree growth of the current year. Highly variable soil moisture regime seems to be more responsible for the diversity in growth responses of the species than temperature regime. The multivariate analysis permitted a description of the environmental responses of the four tree species, thus aiding a comparative analysis of how ecological niches of the trees differ. Use of biologically relevant environmental variables in dendroecological studies should both permit a better understanding of natural controls on tree growth, and also increase the sensitivity of our current techniques to evaluate anthropogenic stress in natural ecosystems.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=745587501\&sid=3\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Kim, Eunshik} } @mastersthesis {450, title = {Influence of Gambel Oak on Radial Growth of Southwestn Ponderosa Pine: A Dendrochronological Study}, volume = {MS}, year = {1987}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {

Gambel oak influence on diameter increment of young-growth ponderosa pines was evaluated by intensively sampling three pine-oak stands on the Beaver Creek Watershed in north-central Arizona. Sampled stands had homogeneous climate, topography, soil parent material, vegetation structure and soil type. Increment cores were collected from five dominant pines on 34 randomly selected study plots. As revealed by dendrochronological techniques, radial growth of sampled pines had fluctuated around a relatively constant level during the last 50 years (1936-85). Differences in this level among stands were related to differences in competition, oak presence, pine age and site index. Pine diameter growth increased with increasing Gambel oak presence and with decreasing intraspecific competition.

}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=754449011\&sid=5\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Biondi, Franco} } @mastersthesis {519, title = {Dendro{\"o}kologische Untersuchungen an H{\"o}henprofilen aus verschiedenen Klimabereichen}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1985}, school = {University of Zurich}, author = {Kienast, Felix} } @article {772, title = {Eine jahrringanalytische Studie zum Nadelbaumsterben in der Schweiz}, year = {1983}, note = {Copies of this are available through the Tree Ring Laboratory; please contact the lab for more information. This edition of the reports is from the Swiss Federal Institute of Forestry Research. }, month = {08/1983}, institution = {Eidgenossische Anstalt fur das Forstliche Versuchswesen}, address = {Birmensdorf}, abstract = {Application of annual ring analysis in investigations of conifer die-back in Switzerland Obviously unhealthy confiders show abrupt tree-ring growth reductions which are datable without measurements. By investigation of large amount of samples on different sites in Switzerland we calculated the areal distribution of damaged trees and the damage occurrence within time. Geographical distribution and time patterns yield to relations between climatic and pollution events. The heavy damages on fir started in Switzerland 1956. Approximately 75\% of all firs in Switzerland{\textquoteright}s central plateau show growth reductions. Local damages exist in the Rhone-valley since 1920. }, keywords = {climate, damages, environment, fir, growth, growth reduction, pollution, Switzerland, tree ring}, author = {Schweingruber, Fritz H. and Kontic, Raymond and Winkler-Seifert, Amanda} } @mastersthesis {522, title = {Comparative Analysis of Climatic Reconstructions Derived from Tree-Ring and Ice Core Indicators in Southern Greenland}, volume = {MA}, year = {1980}, school = {University of Nebraska}, keywords = {Geography}, author = {Kuivinen, Karl C.} } @mastersthesis {501, title = {Spectral Analysis of Synoptic Scale Disturbances Over the Marshall Islands Region}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1978}, school = {University of Missouri-Columbia}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=749229231\&sid=1\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Gordon, Geoffrey Author} } @mastersthesis {517, title = {Climatic Change in the North Sea Region}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1975}, school = {University of East Anglia}, author = {Kelly, P. Michael} } @mastersthesis {452, title = {Methods for Analyzing Climatic Variations in the North Pacific Sector and Western North America for the Last Few Centuries}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1975}, school = {University of Wisconsin}, abstract = {The investigation of summer and winter climatic variations in the North Pacific sector and western North America during the last few centuries is the subject of this study. Tree ring widths from western North America are used as indicators of the past climate. It is shown that large scale spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation anomaly which are in turn related to large scale spatial patterns of pressure anomaly, i.e., to the general circulation. A spatial correlation method is chosen to identify and describe the major types of general circulation, as reflected in anomaly patterns of sea-level pressure, during the 20th Century. Five such anomaly type-patterns are identified for summer and four for winter. These are each associated with an assemblage of generalized weather patterns and a corresponding pattern of temperature and precipitation anomaly in the United States, as well as with a spatial anomaly pattern of tree ring widths from 49 sites over western North America. The occurrence of one of these ring width patterns for some year in the past is suggestive of the corresponding occurrence of the associated climatic anomaly type. Orthogonal eigenvector techniques are then selected for use in the development of a statistical model to estimate departure patterns of sea-level pressure using the ring width departures as predictor data. The model is first calibrated using available pressure data since 1899. The model is then applied to estimate winter pressure departure patterns since 1700 A.D. As a means of summarizing these climatic reconstructions, the estimated pressure departure pattern for each winter is compared with each of the type-patterns using correlation coefficients as a measure of comparison. The time series of correlation coefficients between a type-pattern and each winter{\textquoteright}s estimate departure pattern provides an indicator of the occurrence, or non occurrence, of the corresponding anomaly type through time. Graphs of the time series of correlation coefficients corresponding to each of the four type-patterns are presented as indicators of reconstructed winter climatic variations for approximately the last two and one-half centuries. If an estimated pressure departure pattern is highly correlated with one of the type-patterns, the simultaneous occurrences of the temperature and precipitation anomalies associated with 20th Century occurrences of that pressure type-pattern are implicitly specific. These implicit estimates of temperature and precipitation anomaly are then independently verified using available data for the United States from the last half of the 19th Century. The climatic reconstructions are in good agreement with the recorded data and are found to complement and augment the findings of other investigators.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=760425931\&sid=12\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Blasing, Terrence Jack} } @mastersthesis {518, title = {The Dynamics of Western Navajo Settlement, A.D. 1750-1900: An Archaeological and Dendrochronological Analysis}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1974}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Site reports from the Navajo Land Claim archaeological survey, supplemented with survey information from the Long House Valley, northeastern Arizona, were used in the analysis of Navajo settlement within the 1882 executive Order Hopi Reservation and its immediate environs. Dated pinyon pine (Pinus edlis) tree-ring samples from Navajo sites, informant dating, and dated historic artifacts provided the time controls for the A.D. 1750-1900 study period.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=756376671\&sid=6\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Kemrer, Meade Francis} } @book {753, title = {Climate from Tree Rings}, note = {

Copies of this are available in the Tree Ring Laboratory. Please contact the curator for more information. pcreasman@ltrr.arizona.edu

}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, keywords = {climate, dendrochronology, paleoclimatology, tree rings}, author = {Hughes, M.K. and LaMarche, V.C. and Pilcher, J.R. and Kelly, P.M.} } @inbook {761, title = {The Hydrogen Ion Concentration Base Exchange Capacity and Sulphate Content of Soils}, note = {Copies of this are available in the Tree Ring Laboratory. Please contact the curator for more information. pcreasman@ltrr.arizona.edu}, keywords = {base exchange, concentration, hydrogen, soils, sulphate content}, author = {Katz, Morris and Atkinson, H.J. and Wyatt, F.A.} }