@mastersthesis {648,
	title = {Beyond snaketown: Household inequality and political power in early Hohokam society},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {2004},
	school = {University of Arizona},
	abstract = {This study examines Pre-Classic Hohokam sociopolitical organization using data collected from recent research in the middle Gila River Valley of southern Arizona. The Pre-Classic period, ca. A.D. 500 to 1150, witnessed the first appearance of extensive irrigation works in the middle Gila River Valley. It also witnessed the introduction of ballcourts as part of a regional ceremonial and exchange system. Archaeologists disagree about the conditions that gave rise to these developments. Some researchers point to the scale of the irrigation works and the apparent need for massive labor coordination to argue for political centralization and the emergence of bureaucratic elites. Others point to the likely use of ballcourts as ritual facilities to argue that ultimate authority was vested in the hands of religious leaders.

The dynamics of power in Hohokam society are examined in this study from the vantage point of a group of households that lived at the Grewe site, the ancestral village to Casa Grande Ruins. Attention is directed to the demographic and environmental conditions that contributed to household inequality at Grewe. New methods are advanced for deriving population estimates and measuring household wealth based on architectural evidence. This information is then used to explore the role of wealthy households in promoting political growth in early Hohokam society. It is argued that the influence of wealthy households extended across multiple social levels and multiple generations.
},
	keywords = {Arizona, Hohokam, Household inequality, Political power, Prehistoric households, Society},
	url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=766021551\&sid=5\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD},
	author = {Douglas Craig}
}
@mastersthesis {650,
	title = {Household ritual, gender, and figurines in the Hohokam regional system},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {2004},
	school = {University of Arizona},
	abstract = {Study of ritual in the Greater Southwest is dominated by research at the suprahousehold and community levels. However, this approach ignores the most basic segment of society, the household. This research addresses household ritual by determining the production, use, and discard of anthropomorphic ceramic figurines that were used at the sites of Snaketown and Grewe during the Pioneer (300 B.C.-A.D. 700) and Colonial (A.D. 700-900) periods. Agency and practice theory provide a background for this examination of human representations that may be tied with the creation of personhood and identity.

Some 1440 figurines and figurine fragments are analyzed in order to determine their function and the sex of those individuals producing them. Function is determined by recording the patterns of construction, form, use-wear, damage, and disposal for each artifact. These results are compared to cross-cultural patterns of figurine use including ancestor ritual, healing and curing ritual, and the play of children (toys.) All aspects of figurine manufacture, use, and discard indicate that these items were employed in ancestor ritual within Hohokam households.

In addition to the analysis of figurine attributes, I also determine who the producers of these figures were by examining fingerprint impressions left in the clay surface of the representations. Dermatoglyphic analyses provide the link between the manufacture of figurines and gender roles within the household. Ridge counting is used to distinguish between children and adults and males and females. A ridge count is a quantitative measure of the size and density of the fingerprint pattern, which is strongly inherited. The ridge count indices for the archaeological sample are compared with ridge count values from an ethnographic collection of Native American prints. These distributions of ridge count values show that women are the primary producers of the figurines, however a small percentage of men are manufacturing them in certain households.

As part of ancestor ritual, figurines function as representations of deceased relatives who perpetuate access to property and resource rights. Women often maintain this ritual, which commemorates the dead while reinforcing social memory among the Hohokam.
},
	keywords = {Arizona, Figurines, Gender, Hohokam, Household ritual},
	url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=845713121\&sid=7\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD},
	author = {Susan Stinson}
}
@mastersthesis {832,
	title = {Climate Response, Age Distribution, and Fire History of a Corkbark Fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica) Stand in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona},
	volume = {Master of Science},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {83},
	school = {University of Arizona},
	address = {Tucson},
	abstract = {<p>The southernmost known North American stand of corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonaica (Merriam) Lemm.) is found in the Santa Catalina Mountains just north of Tucson, Arizona. Climate response, age distribution, and fire history were studied in this small corkbark fir stand to provide baseline information for future management. Response function analysis indicated April-June precipitation from the current growing season, April-June temperature from the current growing season, November-March precipitation prior to the growing season, and August-October precipitation from the previous growing season as the most highly correlated factor with ring-width variance. Age distritbution appeared to be a steady state. A fire chronology developed for the corkbark fir site was sused to test synchroneity of fire events with previously developed chronologies from nearby sites. Chi-squared analyses indicated significant association of fire years for all sites but not spread of fire from one site to another.</p>},
	keywords = {age distribution, Arizona, climatology, corkbark, dendrochronology, fir stand, fire, mountains, santa catalina},
	author = {June Psaltis}
}
@mastersthesis {655,
	title = {Winslow Orange Ware and the ancestral Hopi migration horizon},
	volume = {Phd},
	year = {2001},
	school = {University of Arizona},
	abstract = {This project involved instrumental neutron activation analysis of 428 ceramic vessels and clays, typological analysis of 1135 vessels, and stylistic analysis of more than 400 bowls. Most of the items analyzed were recovered from the Homol{\textquoteright}ovi villages, a group of eight Pueblo III-Pueblo IV (circa A.D. 1250-1400) sites located near Winslow, Arizona. These studies were conducted in order to address the question of the origin(s), geographically speaking, of the ancient inhabitants of the Homol{\textquoteright}ovi villages.

The results of the compositional analysis indicate local production of Winslow Orange Ware at Homol{\textquoteright}ovi and in the Petrified Forest. Circulation of Winslow Orange Ware to the Anderson Mesa area, the Tonto Basin, and the Verde Valley is also evident. Furthermore, among the earliest ceramic assemblages from the Homol{\textquoteright}ovi sites were found locally-produced versions of ancestral Hopi pottery types and vessel forms. The compositional data also point to local production of Roosevelt Red Ware at Homol{\textquoteright}ovi and in the Petrified Forest.

The whole vessel study resulted in the observation that most Winslow Orange Ware vessels represent attempts to produce Jeddito Orange Ware using materials indigenous to the Middle Little Colorado River Valley. An examination of the dating and distribution of different kiva forms revealed that Homol{\textquoteright}ovi ceremonial architecture reflects western Kayenta and Tusayan patterns, supporting the ceramic-based inference of ancestral Hopi migration. Placing these results in broader context, it is possible to discern an ancestral Hopi migration horizon which corresponds with what has been called the Salado archaeological culture or the "Salado phenomenon."

By examining Hopi oral texts, it was observed that many include information that correlates with archaeological and anthropological models of Hopi origins. By hypothesizing that these accounts represent significantly restructured texts, it is possible to resolve apparent disconformities between Hopi oral tradition and anthropological inferences. This conception of Hopi migration accounts allows resolution of conflicting interpretations of Homol{\textquoteright}ovi, i.e., the idea that it is an ancestral Hopi place because its inhabitants moved to the Hopi Mesas circa A.D. 1400, versus the notion that it is an ancestral Hopi place because its inhabitants were immigrants from the Hopi Mesas.
},
	keywords = {Ancestral, Arizona, Hopi, Migration, Winslow Orange Ware},
	url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=729042861\&sid=14\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD},
	author = {Patrick Lyons}
}
@mastersthesis {657,
	title = {Late Prehistoric technological and social reorganization along the Mogollon Rim, Arizona},
	volume = {Phd},
	year = {2000},
	school = {University of Arizona},
	abstract = {This study seeks to study the social processes of community reorganization through the changing technological organization of flaked stone tools. The Mogollon Rim region of east-central Arizona, between AD 1000 and AD 1400, was the scene of remarkable social changes. In this period, migrants were attracted into the region and new small communities were created. After a period of dispersed settlement pattern communities, some of the communities developed large, aggregated settlements. In this process of aggregation, community growth was facilitated by the incorporation of migrants. Social integrative forces at work included the development of interhousehold exchanges, as well as informal and formal suprahousehold organizations. In spite of these social integrative forces, community dissolution and abandonment sooner or later came to all of these settlements.

The technology of daily life is one means of exploring these social organizational forces. Chipped stone studies have been behind the times in the American Southwest when addressing social organization research through the examination of Pueblo chipped stone assemblages. Technological organization is a creation of households and suprahousehold groups. Technological organization changes as community organization changes. This study examines the chipped stone tools and debitage from ten east-central Arizona pueblos, forming inferences about how the organization of chipped stone tool production, distribution, consumption, and discard was arranged in each community. Each community studied was a product of migrants and resident families, social exchanges, social integration, and social dissolution. This study demonstrates the utility of chipped stone analysis for studying the social processes at work in communities.
},
	keywords = {Arizona, Flaked stone tools, Mogollon Rim, Prehistoric, Social reorganization, Technological organization},
	url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=727734641\&sid=17\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD},
	author = {Eric Kaldahl}
}
@mastersthesis {656,
	title = {The architecture of Grasshopper Pueblo: Dynamics of form, function, and use of space in a prehistoric community},
	volume = {Phd},
	year = {1999},
	school = {University of Arizona},
	abstract = {Architecture can be an enigmatic class of material culture to understand archaeologically and a single approach to its analysis has defied archaeologists. This study views pueblos as analogous to organisms that are constantly developing and degenerating. The ability to draw behavioral inferences from the architecture of Grasshopper Pueblo (A.D. 1300-1400) is impacted not only by these everyday processes of growth and degeneration, but also by the activities of the different social or ethnic groups who were responsible for assembling the pueblo. Fortunately, this study benefits from a long and productive history of architectural research in the American Southwest and from a thirty-year excavation program at Grasshopper itself, which produced a large and representative sample of this complex architectural organism. This extensive sample insures reliable inferences about the growth and degeneration of Grasshopper Pueblo because it is representative of the parameters of time, space, and behavior at the site. This study reinforces previous work at Grasshopper and provides new insights into intrasite community dynamics that have implications for both Grasshopper research and for studies of architecture and community patterns at other southwestern pueblo sites.},
	keywords = {Architecture, Arizona, Grasshopper Pueblo, Prehistoric, Use of space},
	url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=733967641\&sid=16\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD},
	author = {Charles Riggs}
}
@mastersthesis {654,
	title = {The organization of migrant communities on a Pueblo frontier},
	volume = {PhD},
	year = {1999},
	school = {University of Arizona},
	abstract = {The Mogollon Rim Region of the eleventh and twelfth centuries presents a contradiction to those who study it. Population reconstructions demonstrate low populations, but the region, situated on the far southwestern edge of the puebloan world, is overbuilt with a form of community integrative architecture called the "great kiva." Situated outside the areas of Southwest archaeology{\textquoteright}s strong organizations, the region is considered one of archaeology{\textquoteright}s "weak patterns." "Weak patterns" indicate a lack of normative behavior and are associated with patterns of expediency, diversity, and mobility, and identify regions with alternative forms of social organization, including frontiers.

The frontier can be understood as both a "place" and a "process." This definition provides an analytic bridge between weakly patterned behavioral manifestations and sociopolitical interpretations of areas beyond and between archaeology{\textquoteright}s strong patterns. It also clarifies the implications of the coincidence of the processes migration, integrative architecture, and situations of low population density. In this dissertation, ethnographic and historical accounts are used to develop a model of the frontier. The frontier situation has an effect on the organization of households and communities. Understanding the relationships of households and communities is a means of reconstructing the social and political organization of a region. The frontier model is operationalized by deriving expectations for household and community production, distribution, transmission, reproduction, and coresidence.

Data from five excavated Mogollon Rim region great kiva sites: Cothrun{\textquoteright}s Kiva Site, Hough{\textquoteright}s Great Kiva Site, AZ P:16:160(ASM), Tla Kii Pueblo, and Carter Ranch Pueblo, four management projects, and over 20 surveys provide information about household and community production, distribution, transmission, reproduction, and coresidence. These data are then used to reconstruct the sociopolitical organization of the region as a frontier. Comparison of the material culture of the Mogollon Rim region to that of the three contemporaneous regional organizations of Chaco, Mimbres, and Hohokam suggests that the Mogollon Rim region was a frontier to the Chacoan organization.

This application of a frontier model suggests that is possible to use ethnographic and historical information to construct models that integrate regions of weak patterns and temporary social formations into models of social and political organization.
},
	keywords = {Arizona, Eleventh century, Frontier, Migrant communities, Pueblo, Twelfth century},
	url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=733967891\&sid=13\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD},
	author = {Sarah Herr}
}
@mastersthesis {723,
	title = {Simulating the Long House Valley: An evaluation of the role of agent-based computer simulation in archaeology},
	volume = {M.A.},
	year = {1998},
	school = {University of Arizona},
	abstract = {This study presents the results of a detailed analysis of an agent-based computer simulation called Artificial Anasazi. The simulation attempts to replicate the population growth and settlement patterns of the prehistoric Kayenta Anasazi of Long House Valley in northeastern Arizona between A.D. 400-1300. Agent-based simulations model social evolution from the bottom-up, using heterogeneous agents that follow simple rules, in contrast to the top-down computer simulations usually used by archaeologists. Artificial Anasazi is tested against the archaeological record of the real Long House Valley through both qualitative and quantitative methods, and an analysis of the relevant ethnographic information is presented. The ultimate goal of this study is to elucidate the potentials and pitfalls of using agent-based computer simulation as a serious research tool in archaeology.},
	keywords = {Arizona},
	url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=734127421\&sid=51\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD},
	author = {Matthew Littler}
}
@mastersthesis {907,
	title = {Holzanatomische Untersuchungen zur Rekonstruktion der Feuergeschichte eines Bestandes von Pinus ponderosa Laws. in den Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona},
	year = {1992},
	note = {<p>Please contact the Laboratory of Tree Ring Research to view this collection.</p>},
	month = {05/1992},
	school = {Universitat Freiburg},
	keywords = {Arizona, german, ponderosa pine, santa rita, santa rita mountains},
	author = {Wolfgang Ortloff}
}
@mastersthesis {699,
	title = {{\textquoteright}One grand history{\textquoteright}: A critical review of Flagstaff archaeology, 1851 to 1988},
	volume = {Phd},
	year = {1988},
	school = {University of Arizona},
	abstract = {The history of archaeological research in the Flagstaff area since 1851 is reviewed. The thesis of this study is that critical analysis of archaeological history can yield significant insights into both the process and the products of archaeological research. These insights in turn may lead to conclusions about the general nature of intellectual disputes and transitions in archaeology, and the validity of particular reconstructions and explanations of prehistoric behavior. The history of archaeological research in the Flagstaff area is broken into nine major divisions, each of which is separated by a significant intellectual or institutional transition. Particular attention is devoted to historical analysis of the period immediately before World War II, when the fundamental concepts and methods of Flagstaff archaeology were developed by Harold Colton and his associates at the Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA). These developments took place during a remarkably prolific period of archaeological investigation designed to disclose a prehistoric sequence of occupation conceived by MNA workers as "one grand history" of the Hopi people. It is argued, on the basis of the historical review, that Flagstaff archaeology, in its specific examples, indeed reveals much about the nature of intellectual disputes and transitions in American archaeology, and demonstrates that knowledge of the prehistoric past can indeed be cumulative. The study concludes with specific recommendations for improving such knowledge in the Flagstaff area, particularly for the issues of chronology and ceramic taxonomy.},
	keywords = {Arizona, Hopi},
	url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=746060461\&sid=13\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD},
	author = {Christian Downum}
}
@mastersthesis {706,
	title = {Culture change and the Navajo Hogan},
	volume = {Phd},
	year = {1985},
	school = {Washington State University},
	abstract = {The Navajo tribe has been subjected to acculturation pressures since its arrival in the American Southwest in the 1500s. The pressures came first from indigenous Pueblo groups, these were succeeded by pressures from the Spanish, Mexicans, Utes, U.S. military, and other Euroamerican local populations.

The Navajo response to the pressures of acculturation in both the economic and religious spheres of life is manifested in the Navajo house or hogan. The hogan serves as both a sacred and secular structure. Some features of hogan construction such as shape and doorway orientation have strong symbolic associations, and alterations in their form thus reflect fundamental shifts in religious orientation. Other features of hogan construction such as the use of power tools or milled lumber, while changing the appearance of the structure, do not have strong symbolic associations and thus are not indicative of a similar shift away from traditional Navajo culture. Instead, these features represent a Navajo incorporation of items from the dominant culture that are most useful in easing the hardships of traditional life.

Habitation structures from two areas of Arizona illustrate this trend. Over 500 structures from the remote, conservative and until very recently, unacculturated area of Black Mesa are compared with over 200 structures from the substantially more acculturated region of the Defiance Plateau. The difference in the chronology of housing construction techniques between the two areas is striking. Influences from the dominant culture, including a shift away from traditional houses, are evident in the late 1800s on the Defiance Plateau. Conversely, on Black Mesa, these same trends do not appear until the 1970s and 1980s.

Architecture is composed of both a technological and an expressive element. This marriage of two aspects of culture in one place--housing--is an important locus of information for anthropologists. Analysis of changing construction methods and morphology provides a physical manifestation of changes documented in other areas of the cultural system.
},
	keywords = {Arizona},
	url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=753300051\&sid=19\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD},
	author = {Miranda Warburton}
}
@mastersthesis {705,
	title = {Descent, land use and inheritance: navajo land tenure patterns in Canyon de Chelly and Canyon del Muerto},
	volume = {Phd},
	year = {1985},
	school = {University of Arizona},
	abstract = {The development of and changes in human social organization have been a concern of anthropological research since the inception of the discipline. A perspective that focuses on the interaction between exogenous (ecological and historical) variables and social organization is argued for herein. This study tests the idea that inheritance patterns reflect both land use and sociohistorical factors. Further, it is suggested that after their move into the American Southwest, the inheritance of agricultural land was influential in the development, although not necessarily the origins, of matrilineality among the Navajo.

Data were obtained on land tenure practices in Canyon de Chelly and its major tributary, Canyon del Muerto, historically important centers of Navajo agriculture. Detailed interviews with 93\% of the Navajo families owning land in the canyons provided information on land use and inheritance patterns since the 1880s. Data from over 400 cases of land transfers were analyzed. Historical documents and archaeological studies also provided information on Navajo settlement patterns, changes in farming practices and environmental fluctuations since the mid-1700s.

Within the past fifty years, and probably longer, topographic and physiographic differences between Canyon de Chelly and Canyon del Muerto have contributed to variations in land use within the canyon system. Ditch irrigated feed crops are now only grown in Canyon del Muerto, and they are commonly used by families involved in market oriented cattle ranching. Further, as a result of erosion problems, the production potential of some canyon areas, as well as the quantity of arable land, is declining. Not all families are able to meet the increasing need for labor and capital intensive practices that could maximize agricultural production on their canyon land, but it remains a highly valued resource.

This research indicates that since the 1880s agricultural land in Canyon de Chelly has been transferred more frequently along matrilineal lines, and the explanations for the differences in land tenure patterns between the canyons over time relate both to ecological and socio-historical variables. In conclusion, it is argued that the complexity found within this canyon system reflects a heterogeneity common to any culture, but which anthropologists tend to overlook.
},
	keywords = {Arizona},
	url = {Thedevelopmentofandchangesinhumansocialorganizationhavebeenaconcernofanthropologicalresearchsincetheinceptionofthediscipline.Aperspectivethatfocusesontheinteractionbetweenexogenous(ecologicalandhistorical)variablesandso},
	author = {Tracy Andrews}
}
@article {792,
	title = {The Infatigable Astronomer},
	journal = {The Journal of Arizona History},
	year = {1978},
	note = {This title is available through the Tree Ring Laboratory; please contact the lab for more information. },
	publisher = {The Arizona Historical Society},
	edition = {Summer 1978},
	address = {Tucson},
	keywords = {Arizona, astronomy, biography, Douglass, historic},
	author = {Webb, G.E.}
}
@article {674,
	title = {Montezuma{\textquoteright}s Well and the Soda Spring, Arizona},
	keywords = {Arizona, Douglass, montezumas well, soda spring},
	author = {Douglass, A.E.}
}
