@mastersthesis {473, title = {Extracting Cultural Information from Ship Timber}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2010}, school = {Texas A\&M University}, abstract = {

This dissertation is rooted in one general question: what can the wood from ships reveal about the people and cultures who built them? Shipwrecks are only the last chapter of a complex story, and while the last fifty years of nautical archaeology have managed to rewrite a number of these chapters, much of the information unrelated to a ship\’s final voyage remains a mystery. However, portions of that mystery can be exposed by an examination of the timbers. An approach for the cultural investigation of ship timbers is presented and attempts are made to establish the most reliable information possible from the largely unheralded treasures of underwater excavations: timbers. By introducing the written record, iconographic record, and the social, economic, and political factors to the archaeological record a more complete analysis of the cultural implications of ship and boat timbers is possible. I test the effectiveness of the approach in three varied case-studies to demonstrate its limits and usefulness: ancient Egypt\’s Middle Kingdom, the Mediterranean under Athenian influence, and Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula during the Discoveries. The results of these studies demonstrate how ship timbers can be studied in order to better understand the people who built the vessels.

}, url = {http://search.proquest.com/docview/856582319?accountid=8360}, author = {Creasman, Pearce Paul} } @mastersthesis {464, title = {Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide impacts carbon dynamics in a C(4)-sorghum-soil agroecosystem: An application of stable carbon isotopes (delta carbon-13) in tracing the fate of carbon in the atmosphere-plant-soil ecosystem}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2005}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Although a strong inter-dependence exists between atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO$_{2}$) and the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle, the response of plant-soil ecosystems to the rapid increase in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ is not well understood. My dissertation research focused on the impacts of elevated CO$_{2}$ on the carbon dynamics of plant-soil ecosystems, which were a major part of the overall C$_{4}$-sorghum Free-Air CO$_{2}$ Enrichment (FACE) experiment conducted by the University of Arizona and USDA at the Maricopa Agriculture Center, Arizona, USA, in 1998 and 1999. In the experiment, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench) crop was exposed to elevated CO$_{2}$ ({\textquotedblleft}FACE{\textquotedblright}: ca. 560 {\textmu}mol mol$^{-}${\textonesuperior}) and ambient CO$_{2}$ ({\textquotedblleft}Control{\textquotedblright}: ca. 360 {\textmu}mol mol$^{-}${\textonesuperior}) interacting with well-watered and water-stressed treatments. The results from my study showed that the seasonal mean soil respiration rate measured in elevated CO$_{2}$ plots over two growing seasons was 3.3 {\textmu}mol m$^{-}${\texttwosuperior}s$^{-}${\textonesuperior}, i.e., 12.7\% higher than the 2.9 {\textmu}mol m$^{-}${\texttwosuperior}s$^{-}${\textonesuperior}in ambient CO$_{2}$ plots. The increased respiration mainly resulted from the stimulated root respiration under elevated CO$_{2}$, which increased 36.1\% compared to that under ambient CO$_{2}$. Measured changes in sorghum residue biochemistry caused by CO$_{2}$ were detected, with decrease of amino acids and hemicellulose carbohydrates by 7\% and 8\%, respectively, and increase of cellulose carbohydrates and lignin by 49\% and 5\%, respectively. Phenolics were only significantly higher in FACE roots. The C:N ratio of sorghum tissues was not affected by elevated CO$_{2}$, but was substantially lower under water stress. The laboratory incubation showed that an average of 7.3\% significantly less respired CO$_{2}$ was released from the FACE-tissue-amended soil than the Control-tissues-amended soil over the full 79-d incubation period. Non-lignin phenolics (r{\texttwosuperior} = 0.93, p = 0.002), and lignin (r{\texttwosuperior} = 0.89, p = 0.004) were found to be the most important factors related to the sorghum tissue decomposition. Highly stable residues of FACE sorghum input to the soil resulted in the increase of the recalcitrant C pool and the decrease of the labile C pool. As a result, mean residence time of SOC in FACE field plot increased compared to that in Control plot, suggesting that the SOC under elevated CO$_{2}$ was more stable against decomposition.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=885700691\&sid=10\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Cheng, Li} } @mastersthesis {506, title = {Effects of Substrate on Dendrochronologic Streamflow Reconstruction: Paria River, Utah; With Fractal Applications to Dendrochronology}, volume = {PhD}, year = {2002}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Two pi{\~n}on ( Pinus edulus ) tree-ring chronologies developed on each of three substrates (sandstone, shale, and alluvial fan deposits) in southern Utah for the period 1702 to 1997 demonstrate that geologic substrate affects dendrochronologic streamflow reconstructions. Chronologies from alluvial fan deposits explain the most variance of cool-season (October 1 to May 31) flow with an adjusted coefficient of determination (R a 2 ) equal to 0.59. Chronologies from sandstone deposits account for 52 percent of the variance, while those on shale deposits account for 45 percent. The highest single-site annual discharge reconstruction (October 1 to September 30), R a 2 = 0.25, is provided by chronologies from shale deposits. The highest substrate-pair annual discharge reconstruction, R a 2 = 0.27, is provided by chronologies from alluvial fan deposits. The highest summer discharge reconstruction (July 4 to September 3), R a 2 = 0.14, is provided by chronologies from sandstone. The different substrate response is attributed to varying amounts of clay in each substrate affecting infiltration and available water for tree growth. The fractal parameters (fractal dimension and Hurst exponent), calculated using the roughness-length method, describe the long-term persistence of each tree-ring series and of the hydrologic record. The fractal dimensions range from 1.739 to 1.939 for the tree-ring series for the calibration period, and from 1.884 to 1.946 for the entire chronology periods. The fractal dimension for the annual hydrologic record is 1.802, and 1.819 from October 1 through May 31. Modification of each tree-ring series based on the ratios of the Hurst exponent of each series forced the fractal dimensions of the tree-ring series to be closer to that of the hydrologic series. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)}, keywords = {Watershed Management}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=765129271\&sid=4\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Grow, David Earl} } @mastersthesis {662, title = {An ethnographic perspective on prehistoric platform mounds of the Tonto Basin, Central Arizona}, volume = {Phd}, year = {1996}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {The function of prehistoric platform mounds in the American Southwest has been a subject of archaeological debate for more than 100 years. Two basic theories have been suggested: platform mounds were the residential domains of elite leaders who ruled socially complex groups, or platform mounds were nonresidential ceremonial centers used by groups of low social complexity. These theories have been based primarily on archaeological data because platform mounds were not constructed by any historic period Southwestern group. To better understand the nature of these features and the groups that used them, a cross-cultural analysis is undertaken of ethnographic or ethnohistoric platform mound-using groups from the Pacific Ocean region, South America, and the southeastern United States. Nine groups are examined in detail, and common attributes of mound-using groups are abstracted and synthesized. Insights gained through this analysis are then applied to a prehistoric settlement system in the Eastern Tonto Basin of central Arizona. This system was most intensively occupied during the Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1250-1350), when it contained five platform mounds within a 6-km stretch of the Salt River. A new model for Roosevelt phase settlement is presented that suggests that the platform mounds were constructed by two competing descent groups. Although the mounds were not residential, the groups that used them were socially complex with well-defined, institutionalized leadership. The mounds played a role in the management of irrigation and other subsistence systems and were used to integrate groups of different enculturative backgrounds and to mark descent group territory.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=739658101\&sid=23\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Mark Elson} } @mastersthesis {690, title = {Effects of coppice thinning on growth and yield of Emory oak sprouts in southeastern Arizona}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1991}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Emory oak (Quercus Emoryi) is a dominant tree species in San Rafael Valley in southeastern Arizona. However, basic information about the effects of coppice thinning on the growth and yield of this species is lacking. Thus, objectives of the study were to measure the effects of coppice thinning on Emory oak survivor growth, ingrowth, and mortality, which are the basic components of a growth budget. This study determined gross growth, net growth, and yield estimates. In addition, this study evaluated the mean annual growth (MAG) values in relation to the biological rotation age of Emory oak in southeastern Arizona. Coppice thinning treatments were applied to sprouts of different ages. Height and diameter at root collar measurements were taken immediately after thinning and again 5 years later. Sprouts were classified into 5 age groups, 4 stump diameters, and 3 level of coppice thinnings and an unthinned control. The interactions of these treatments and their effect on growth and yield were analyzed. Stump diameters did not significantly affect the growth components, growth estimates, or yield estimates. The number of residual sprouts significantly affected the growth components, growth estimates, and yield estimates. Survivor growth, gross growth, net growth, and yield were lowest for 1 residual sprout, except for net growth of 8-year-old sprouts. There were no significant differences in net growth between the different coppice thinning treatments. At age 8-year-old sprouts, the mean annual growth of individual sprouts increased as the number of residual sprouts per stump reduced. Based on this relationship, it is recommended that 1 residual sprout be left when thinning sprouts. Age of sprouts significantly affected growth. There was an increase in the mortality of the control sprouts in the 6th year. Based on those results, it is recommended that thinning be conducted in the 5th year of the sprout{\textquoteright}s growth. Proper timing of thinning can reduce the rotation age of Emory oak sprouts, if the rotation is based on achievement of a specified diameter. To draw firm conclusions about the effects of thinning on shortening the rotation age, the study measurement needs to be continued into the future. }, keywords = {Quercus emoryi}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=745176541\&sid=2\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Ramzi Touchan} } @mastersthesis {572, title = {The Effect of Prescribed Burning on Southwest Ponderosa Pine Growth}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1989}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Study objectives included determining whether prescribed burning affected ponderosa pine growth; mathematically modeling the growth response to burning; and determining whether forest management history affected growth response. I sampled 188 trees from two areas near Flagstaff, Arizona; one area (Brannigan Flat) had been logged and thinned, and the other (Chimney Spring) had not; both were burned in 1976. Within each study area, control and burned plots were of similar age, vigor, height, and competition index. Trees at Chimney Spring were older, less vigorous, and taller, and had a higher competition index than at Brannigan. For each tree, periodic basal area increment (PBAI) was calculated for the years 1974-1984. To determine which variable would best model growth, postfire PBAI (individual years, 1977-1984) was correlated with previous growth (average PBAI 1974-1976); crown ratio; competition index; thinning index; and diameter. Two models of growth response were developed; one oriented toward satisfying theoretical and research goals, and the other, toward management applications. Growth was modeled using stepwise multiple linear regression, and the dependent variable was postfire PBAI. Research Model independent variables were previous growth, years (climate), and treatment-year interaction, and 72\% of total variance was explained. Fire affected growth significantly and negatively for two years, and then burned trees grew similarly to control trees. Management Model independent variables were crown ratio, competition index, crown ratio, subject tree diameter, year, and treatment, and 52\% of total variance was explained. This model, too, indicated a slight negative effect of burning on growth. Management history was not a significant determinant of growth response. Both models validated well; the ratio of observed-to-predicted residual mean square was 1.04 and 0.91 (Research and Management Models, respectively). Thinning index was not significantly related to postfire growth, but a change in carbohydrate allocation from stem wood to crown and root expansion could have resulted in observed burning effects. Management implications include (1) short-term growth decline may result from burning, (2) management history did not affect growth response, and (3) burning impact is greatest in dense stands of small trees.}, keywords = {Watershed Management}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=746080281\&sid=4\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Sutherland, Elaine Kennedy} } @mastersthesis {571, title = {The Effects of Fire Exclusion on Growth in Mature Ponderosa Pine in Northern Arizona}, volume = {Master of Science}, year = {1983}, pages = {28}, school = {University of Arizona}, address = {Tucson}, abstract = {

Dendrochronological techniques were used to assess the effect of fire exclusion on the radial growth of two age classes (approximately 150 to 300 years old) of mature ponderosa pine. Decline in average radial growth in both classes is coincidental with the establishment of a large ponderosa pine seedling crop in 1919 that has since become an extensive stand of stagnant, overcrowded saplings.

F and t tests of tree ring indices comparing the time period before and after 1920 show that growth has significantly declined since 1920 in both age classes. F and t tests comparing the two age classes suggest that growth was similar before 1920, but the older age class shows a significantly stronger growth decline than the younger age class. Spearman Rank Correlation tests indicate that in both groups there was no trend or a tend toward increasing tree ring indices before 1920 in both age classes, but that after 1920 there was a strong, significant trend toward decreasing tree ring indices in both groups, and that the trend is stronger in the older age class. These results suggest that the older trees are experiencing a more pronounced growth suppression effect than the younger trees.

October and July Palmer Drought Severity Indices from 1931 to 1976 were tested for trend toward drought using the Spearman Rank Correlation. There was no trend toward drought during these months, which have the most significant climatic relationship to ponderosa pine growth in northern Arizona. Therefore the growth decline at Chimney Spring may not be attributed to climate.

No environmental factor has changed at Chimney Spring, other than fire exclusion and subsequent seedling establishment. Competition for soil moisture and nutrients, reduced nutrient cycling and soil moisture losses from litter interception may all be factors contributing to the growth decline in the mature ponderosa pines at Chimney Spring.

Key words: age classes, competition, dendrochronology, \“dog-hair\” thickets, fire exclusion, forest, northern Arizona, Pinus ponderosa, radial growth

10-year index:

}, keywords = {age classes, chimney spring, competition, dendrochronology, dog hair thickets, fire, fire exclusion, forest, mature, northern arizona, palmer drought severity indices, pinus ponderosa, ponderosa pine, radial growth, spearman rank correlation}, author = {Sutherland, Elaine Kennedy} } @article {772, title = {Eine jahrringanalytische Studie zum Nadelbaumsterben in der Schweiz}, year = {1983}, note = {Copies of this are available through the Tree Ring Laboratory; please contact the lab for more information. This edition of the reports is from the Swiss Federal Institute of Forestry Research. }, month = {08/1983}, institution = {Eidgenossische Anstalt fur das Forstliche Versuchswesen}, address = {Birmensdorf}, abstract = {Application of annual ring analysis in investigations of conifer die-back in Switzerland Obviously unhealthy confiders show abrupt tree-ring growth reductions which are datable without measurements. By investigation of large amount of samples on different sites in Switzerland we calculated the areal distribution of damaged trees and the damage occurrence within time. Geographical distribution and time patterns yield to relations between climatic and pollution events. The heavy damages on fir started in Switzerland 1956. Approximately 75\% of all firs in Switzerland{\textquoteright}s central plateau show growth reductions. Local damages exist in the Rhone-valley since 1920. }, keywords = {climate, damages, environment, fir, growth, growth reduction, pollution, Switzerland, tree ring}, author = {Schweingruber, Fritz H. and Kontic, Raymond and Winkler-Seifert, Amanda} } @mastersthesis {469, title = {Eastern U.S. Tree-Ring Widths and Densities as Indicators of Past Climate}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1982}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {Long-lived trees preserve a record of environmental conditions during their lifetime in the pattern of yearly xylem widths and in changing wood density within and among the increments. Crossdated earlywood, latewood, and total ring widths, and minimum earlywood and maximum latewood densities, from three sites in the mountains of Maine, are analyzed visually and statistically to evaluate their relationships to one another and to external, environmental factors which affect the ring width and density through internal, physiological processes. Maximum density values show highest levels of similarity within and among the three site chronologies, thus implying a good degree of sensitivity to climate; minimum density values, however, showed lowest sensitivity to climate. Two biologically reasonable hypotheses concerning climate--tree growth interactions are proposed: (1) that maximum density is related to spring temperatures prior to its formation; and (2) that maximum density is related to summer water relations as the latewood forms. With the help of response function analysis, simple correlation, and multiple linear regression, these two hypotheses are tested: (1) maxmum density as a single predictor explains up to 37\% of spring temperature variance; with earlywood widths at one site, 47\% of spring temperature variance is explained; (2) maximum density as a single predictor explains up to 45\% of summer temperature variance, 11\% of summer precipitation variance, and 23\% of the variance of Thornthwaite water deficit values; with total ring widths at one site, 22\% of the variance of summer stream runoff is explained. Regression equations were applied to the 201- to 310-year tree-ring records to form reconstructions of these past climatic events. Independent verification testing of the reconstructions strongly validates the relationship between maximum density and spring temperature; the relationship to summer water relations is not as strongly verified, but results encourage further testing of this relationship. Results from this study may be applied both to (1) an increased understanding of relationship of climate to the formation of wood density; and (2) further development of dendroclimatology in mesic regions such as northeastern North America.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=748496351\&sid=24\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Conkey, Laura Elizabeth} } @mastersthesis {579, title = {The Effects of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Enrichment, Irradiance and Water Stress on Seedling Growth and Physiology of Liquidambar Styraciflua and Pinus Taeda}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1982}, school = {Duke University}, abstract = {In order to predict possible effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide on woody plant succession and community species composition, more detailed information is needed on the individual response of successional species to this changing environmental factor. The objective of this study was to investigate the growth and physiological response of two important successional woody species, Liquidambar styraciflua L. (sweetgum) and Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) to long term CO$_{2}$ enrichment. Carbon dioxide effects were studied under different irradiance and soil moisture conditions since these environmental factors, as well as nutrient availability, influence their pattern of invasion into abandoned fields and establishment under forest canopies in the North Carolina piedmont. Growth and physiological experiments were conducted in controlled environment facilities at the Duke University Phytotron. Elevated atmospheric CO$_{2}$ concentration enhanced growth with the greatest increase in height, leaf area, basal stem diameter and total dry weight seen for sweetgum seedlings grown under high irradiance. Increases in dry matter accumulation were associated with early CO$_{2}$ enhancement of net assimilation rate, with increases in amount of leaf surface area contributing more towards maintenance of larger size as seedlings aged. For sweetgum seedlings in particular reduction of growth by low irradiance and soil drought under normal atmospheric CO$_{2}$ was compensated for by growing plants under elevated CO$_{2}$. Photosynthetic acclimation of sweetgum and loblolly seedlings was not significantly altered by increasing atmospheric CO$_{2}$. However, CO$_{2}$ enrichment had a substantial differential effect on drought tolerance of these two species. Sweetgum seedlings grown at elevated CO$_{2}$ maintained higher plant water potentials and net photosynthetic rates during a period of drought than when grown at present day CO$_{2}$ level. In addition water use efficiency in these seedlings was also increased. In contrast CO$_{2}$ enrichment had much smaller effects on total plant water potential, net photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency of loblolly seedlings. Physiological and growth response data in this study strongly suggest that the continued increase in atmospheric CO$_{2}$ may influence distribution patterns of these two species primarily in open fields.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=752091331\&sid=6\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Tolley, Leslie Carroll} } @mastersthesis {457, title = {Environmental Controls Influencing the Altitude and From of the Forest-Alpine Tundra Ecotone, Colorado Front Range}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1981}, school = {University of Colorado}, abstract = {The forest-alpine tundra ecotone of the Colorado Front Range is a dynamic vegetative belt where environmental factors vary rapidly. Under the present climatic conditions the conifer trees appear stressed and seedling establishment does not coincide with the present upper limit of tree species. With the increasing population and recreation pressure within the Front Range there is need for concern that irreversible damage may occur to the forest-alpine tundra ecotone. Meso-climatic parameters and conifer physiological responses were monitored throughout the year to determine what combinations of climate and inadequate physiological {\textquotedblleft}preparedness{\textquotedblright} result in the limitation of tree growth in the alpine. The upper limit of seedling establishment was systematically determined, and detection of a climatic change and in which direction the ecotone responded to the change were noted. In order to provide a present day inventory of the forest-alpine tundra ecotone it was mapped in detail at 1:10,000 and 1:50,000. These maps also facilitated the determination of topo-climatic influences on its distribution and provided a historical document upon which to monitor future changes. Finally, they furnished a working tool for land use planners to develop management plans. The interactions of the climate the environment and the survival of the conifer tree species within the forest-alpine tundra ecotone are indeed complex. A short, cool growing season, restricted by late-lying snow and early and late frosts, results in the tissues being unable to ripen and prepare adequately for winter hardiness. Seedlings find it impossible to establish and survive within the upper ecotone. The unpreparedness for such a harsh environment is evident during late fall when mild freezes may cause extensive damage to new growth, and during winter when many processes may weaken the tree. The winters on Niwot Ridge are long, with low temperatures, occasional days with high levels of radiation, strong winds and frozen soils. The foliage, if inadequately developed, survives only if protected by a deep snow cover. Low air temperatures, frost damage and winter desiccation appear to be primarily responsible for hindering growth in tree species within the ecotone. Of primary importance is the fact that these stress phenomena occur most often when the trees are least able to resist. The forest-alpine tundra ecotone appears at present to be under great climatic stress. The uppermost part of the ecotone is no longer successfully regenerating by seed, but rather relies on vegetative reproduction. It becomes obvious that the climate, at some time in the past, was more conducive to seedling establishment and survival. Although the ecotone has {\textquotedblleft}held its ground{\textquotedblright} for a long period of time, if it were disturbed through burning, logging, or other human activities, it would not regenerate in its present form and location. It is concluded that the ecotone, and especially the tree species limit, is a relict of a former climate and may have been established several thousand years ago.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=753126171\&sid=5\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Bristow, Katherine Jan Hansen} } @mastersthesis {497, title = {The Effect of Air Pollution on Western Larch as Detected by Tree-Ring Analysis}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1980}, school = {Arizona State University}, abstract = {The growth response of western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) to sulfur dioxide was studied in the Columbia River Valley near the lead-zinc smelter at Trail, British Columbia. A dendroecological (tree-ring) analysis was employed to assess the relative importance and longterm effects of sulfur dioxide on tree growth. Increasing sulfur emissions in the early 1900{\textquoteright}s, reaching a maximum in 1930, resulted in a concomitant decrease in annual tree growth. After 1930, sulfur emissions decreased dramatically with the implementation of pollution abatement measures. However, the growth recovery of western larch to the decreased sulfur emissions was not immediate and reflected the residual nature of the sulfur dioxide effect on tree growth. Correlation and regression analyses were utilized to develop multivariate models for the larch sites sampled at varying distances from the Trail smelter. Climatic models developed for the control site (tree-ring) chronology were applied to site chronologies located within the sulfur dioxide affected area to remove the effects of climate on tree growth and examine the residual response of the system. The pattern of the residuals closely resembled the sulfur emissions from the smelter with the most negative residuals occurring when sulfur emissions were greatest. Further regression modelling identified the relative importance of sulfur emissions, prior growth, temperature, and precipitation to annual tree growth. In those sites closest to the smelter, sulfur emissions accounted for the greatest proportion of the variance calibrated by the regression models. As distance from the smelter increased, sulfur emissions became less important in the site models. In all the site models temperature, particularly summer temperature, appeared to be a primary limiting climatic factor. Prior growth also accounted for considerable variance in the models with precipitation variables appearing to be of lesser importance in explaining the variance in the site chronologies. The results of this study demonstrate the applicability of tree-ring analysis in identifying and quantifying the long-term effects of air pollution on forest communities. It also provides a basis for examining the interrelationships between air pollution, climate, and annual tree growth.}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=749712461\&sid=13\&Fmt=2\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Fox, Carl Alan} } @book {875, title = {Expanded Tree-Ring Chronologies for the Southwestern United States}, series = {Chronology Series III}, year = {1978}, publisher = {Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research}, organization = {Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research}, address = {Tucson}, keywords = {Archaeology, chronologies, dendrochronology, southwest, southwestern, tree ring, united states}, author = {Dean, Jeffrey S. and Robinson, William J.} } @mastersthesis {716, title = {An ecological model of trade: Prehistoric economic change in the northern Rio Grande region of New Mexico}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1977}, school = {University of Arizona}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=759276391\&sid=29\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Gordon Bronitsky} } @mastersthesis {527, title = {The Effects of Fertilization on Diameter Growth in Dense Stands of Ponderosa Pine in Arizona}, volume = {MS}, year = {1976}, school = {University of Arizona}, abstract = {In 1961, fifty 1/5-acre plots were established near Blue Mountain in Arizona by Professor R.F. Wagle for the purpose of testing a selected group of fertilizers, a herbicide and a growth hormone in overcoming stagnation in Ponderosa pine stands. Thirteen treatments were applied at random on the plots. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, fenuron, gibberellic acid, along with a select group of microelements were applied on the plots. Tree growth was measured at the end of each growing season by use of a dendrometer or growth band. The growth band measured circumference growth to 0.01 inches. Diameter measuements were made in 1961 and 1973 using a diameter tape. Diameter measurements were estimated to 0.01 inches. The data were analyzed using Student-Newman-Kuels{\textquoteright} test. The analyses were performed at the 95\% confidence level. The results indicated that stagnation cannot be broken using fertilizers without thinning when the stand and site characteristics of the type present in this study exist.}, author = {Leech, George R.} } @mastersthesis {485, title = {Effects of Light Preconditioning on the Seasonal Water Relations of Nursery-Grown Douglas-Fir}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1973}, school = {Oregon State University}, url = {http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=759152371\&sid=7\&Fmt=1\&clientId=43922\&RQT=309\&VName=PQD}, author = {Drew, Allan P.} } @mastersthesis {732, title = {The effects of thinning and nutrient treatments on the growth of ponderosa pine.}, volume = {PhD}, year = {1966}, school = {University of Arizona}, url = {no copy on file in LTRR}, author = {Roy Scott Beasley} } @proceedings {645, title = {Evidences of Cycles in Tree Ring Records}, year = {1933}, note = {This is available as a physical and electronic copy through the Tree Ring Lab. Please contact the curator for more information. pcreasman@ltrr.arizona.edu}, keywords = {address, cycles, Douglass, evidence, historic, proceedings of the national academy of science, record, tree ring}, author = {Douglass, A.E.} } @article {644, title = {Evidence of Climatic Effects in the Annual Rings}, journal = {Ecology}, volume = {1}, year = {1920}, keywords = {annual rings, climate, climatic, Douglass, Ecology, effect, effects, evidence, historic, rings, tree}, author = {Douglass, A.E.} } @article {796, title = {El Cometa de Halley}, year = {1910}, note = {This title is available through the Tree Ring Laboratory; please contact the lab for more information. }, address = {Tucson}, keywords = {astronomy, comet, Douglass, espanol, halley, historic, newspaper, spanish, tucson}, author = {Douglass, A.E.} } @article {691, title = {The Effects of Mountains On the Quality of the Atmosphere}, year = {1899}, keywords = {astronomy, atmosphere, Douglass, mountains}, author = {Douglass, A.E.} } @article {775, title = {Eistemperaturen in den Alpen}, note = {This publication is available through the Tree Ring Laboratory; please contact the lab for more information. }, keywords = {alpine, climatology, environment, temperature}, author = {Haeberli, Von} }