TY - THES T1 - Twentieth Century Fire Patterns in the Gila/Aldo Leopold Wilderness Areas, New Mexico and the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Area, Idaho/Montana T2 - School of Renewable Natural Resources Y1 - 2000 A1 - Rollins, Mathew Gregory KW - Watershed Management AB - I used archives of wildfire perimeters (fire atlases) within a geographic information system (GIS) to describe and evaluate fire frequency patterns for the 20 th century in the 486,673-ha Gila/Aldo Leopold Wilderness Complex (GALWC), New Mexico and the 785,090-ha Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness Complex (SBWC) in Idaho and Montana. I addressed questions about changing 20 th century fire frequencies and landscape-scale controls of fire frequency by analyzing fire atlases along with data for topography, vegetation, and climate. Similarities and differences in comparisons between study areas highlight important aspects of fire regimes and strengthen my interpretation and inference. In the GALWC, fire rotations were shortest during the recent wildfire use period (1975-1993) and longest during the pre-modern suppression period (1909-1946). In the SBWC, fire rotations were shortest during the pre-modern suppression period (1880-1934) and longest during the modern suppression period (1935-1975). Elevations with the highest fire frequencies differed between study areas. However, forest types found at these elevations are characterized by similar overstory tree species. Steeper northeastern slopes in the GALWC and southwestern slopes in the SBWC burned most frequently. I assert that, in the GALWC, horizontal fuel continuity is a main factor determining fire frequency. In the SBWC, fuel moisture status limits fire frequency. Fires are most frequent in areas where ignitions occur and neither fuel continuity nor fuel moisture are likely to limit fire spread. Three statistical modeling approaches were used to produce maps of reburn probabilities. Log-likelihood modeling provided the most satisfactory results, while logistic regression and classification and regression trees yielded statistically insignificant models. Empirical models contributed to the assertion that fuel continuity limits fire frequency in the GALWC while fuel moisture limits fire frequency in the SBWC. Mapped fire perimeters provide a valuable source of spatial historical information for describing the role of large fires over broad areas. This dissertation enhances scientific knowledge about broad scale changes in fire regimes. Comparisons between areas facilitate identification of unique versus general patterns. Results provide a contemporary baseline for comparison with estimates of Pre-EuroAmerican fire frequencies, and a historical, spatial context for modeling and managing future fire regimes. JF - School of Renewable Natural Resources PB - University of Arizona VL - PhD UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=728349901&sid=9&Fmt=2&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree-Ring Reconstruction of Western Spruce Budworm Outbreaks in the Rio Grande National Forest, Colorado T2 - School of Renewable Natural Resources Y1 - 1999 A1 - Ryerson, Daniel E. KW - colorado KW - dendrochronology KW - department of agriculture KW - forest service KW - national forest KW - outbreak KW - palmer drought severity index KW - RGNF KW - rio grande KW - tree ring KW - western spruce budworm AB -

 

Tree-ring records were used to reconstruct the spatial and temporal patterns of western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) outbreaks in the Rio Grande National Forest (RGNF) of southern Colorado. Reconstructions at 11 host stands showed a synchronous pattern of outbreaks with a peak in the number of trees recording outbreaks over the entire RGNF on average every 24 years. These synchronous periods of outbreaks coincided with periods of increased moisture as indicated by an independently reconstructed summer Palmer Drought Severity Index, while relatively few trees recorded outbreaks during dry periods. The reconstruction on the RGNF does not support the hypothesis that human land use has significantly altered outbreak patterns. Tree response to outbreaks in the RGNF was different from prior studies as reductions in the growth were typically detectable only when growth was compared to that of nonhost tree species.

JF - School of Renewable Natural Resources PB - University of Arizona CY - Tucson VL - Master of Science ER - TY - THES T1 - Temperature reconstructions spanning the Continental Divide: Bristlecone and limber pine trees as proxy data T2 - Geology Y1 - 1998 A1 - Diane Douglas KW - Bristlecone KW - Continental divide KW - Limber pine KW - Pinus KW - Temperature reconstructions AB - Variability in the intensity and magnitude of the Pacific North American (PNA) circulation pattern and the reverse-PNA affects high and low frequency temperature variations on either side of the Continental Divide, on the Colorado Plateau. The PNA circulation pattern corresponds with cooler temperatures on the Colorado Plateau, whereas the reverse-PNA circulation pattern corresponds with warmer temperatures on the Colorado Plateau associated with a high pressure ridge over the Rocky Mountains. Temperature was reconstructed using three Pinus aristata (bristlecone pine) chronologies and one Pinus flexilis (limber pine) chronology from subalpine sites located on either side of the Continental Divide in Colorado and Arizona. The standardized ring-indices of the four chronologies (scAD 548-1994) were correlated with historic temperature data from twelve ground stations and upper air temperature data from four radiosonde stations in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah. Temperature reconstructions across a transect spanning the Continental Divide on the Colorado Plateau provide valuable insight to temporal changes in large scale circulation patterns. Reconstructions of annual temperature indicate there were several periods when temperatures were below the modern mean east of the Continental Divide when they were above the modern mean west of the Continental Divide. Variability in the direction of temperature change on either side of the Continental Divide may reflect a westward displacement of the high pressure ridge at different times in history. Reconstructions of annual temperature also indicate 850 mb temperature east of the Divide is slightly higher when the PNA circulation pattern occurs as a teleconnection to El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. In contrast, annual 700 mb temperature west of the Divide is slightly lower. Temperature reconstructions also indicate higher mean annual temperatures occurred between scAD 550 to 600, scAD 900-980, and scAD 1040-1080, and scAD 1130-150 than between 1950 and the present. These reconstructions suggest low frequency cycles of above average temperatures have occurred throughout history. These results indicate more research is required to determine whether recent warming trends identified by other researchers reflect anthropogenic warming or natural cycles. JF - Geology PB - Arizona State University VL - Phd UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=732946061&sid=18&Fmt=2&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tsegi Canyon Cliff Ruin Beam Coring Project: A Dendrochronological Analysis of Six Sites in the Tsegi Canyon Complex, Northeastern Arizona T2 - Anthropology Y1 - 1997 A1 - Wright, William Edward KW - Archaeology JF - Anthropology PB - University of Arizona VL - MA ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree-Ring Reconstructions of Climate and Fire History at El Malpais National Monument, New Mexico T2 - Geoscience Y1 - 1995 A1 - Grissino-Mayer, Henri Dee AB - The purpose of this research was to: (1) reconstruct climate for the malpais region from long-lived trees and remnant wood; (2) reconstruct the fire history of forests in the malpais; and (3) investigate short-term and long-term relationships between wildfire and climate. To reconstruct climate, I calibrated a 2,129 year long tree-ring chronology (136 BC-AD 1992) with annual rainfall (previous July to current July). Since AD 100, seven major long-term trends in rainfall occurred. Above normal rainfall occurred during AD 81-257, 521-660, 1024-1398 and 1791-1992, while below normal rainfall occurred during AD 258-520, 661-1023 and 1399-1790. The prolonged drought from AD 258-520 was unsurpassed in its intensity, while rainfall during the most recent 200 years has exceeded any since AD 660. The reconstruction of long-term climate trends confirmed the general sequence of environmental change over the last 2,000 years for the southern Colorado Plateau. To reconstruct past fire occurrences, 217 fire-scarred trees were collected from nine sites representing the major habitat types of the malpais and dendrochronologically dated. Fire frequency was highest at sites on cinder cones and on the highly-weathered basalt flows (ca. once every five years), and lowest on the isolated kipukas and on the Hoya de Cibola Lava Flow (once every 10-12 years). Fire frequency decreased along a north to south gradient, reflecting changing vegetation properties. Combined information revealed fire occurred once every two years, while more widespread fires occurred once every 2.5 years. Fires were largely asynchronous between sites, suggesting the malpais landscape effectively hinders fire spread. Past fire history at El Malpais was characterized by four temporally distinct periods: (1) FH-1 (prior to 1782): high fire frequency, patchy fires, throughout the growing season; (2) FH-2 (1795-1880): longer fire intervals, widespread fires, mostly early season fires; (3) FH-3 (1893-1939): even longer intervals, decreased widespread fires; (4) FH4 (1940-1992): longest fire-free periods during the last 600 years. The increase in rainfall and the simultaneous change in fire regimes ca. 1790 was likely related to an increase in summer monsoonal rainfall due to changes in hemispheric circulation patterns. The decrease in fire spread ca. 1880 was most likely due to intense sheep grazing, while the change ca. 1940 reflects greater efficiency in fire suppression techniques. The presettlement fire regime emphasizes that the current absence of fire in the monument exceeds the historical range of variability established for the presettlement period. Unless effects of past human-related disturbances are mitigated, fire regimes of El Malpais will continue to favor high-intensity, catastrophic fires. JF - Geoscience PB - University of Arizona VL - PhD UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=742088811&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER - TY - THES T1 - The Tree-Ring Record of False Spring in the Southcentral USA Y1 - 1990 A1 - Stahle, David W. AB - Frost injuries are common in the annual rings of deciduous oaks of the southcentral United States, and can be identified microscopically by unique anatomical criteria. A chronology of 70 frost ring years between 1650 and 1980 has been developed from 42 collection sites in the Southern Plains. False spring conditions cause frost rings in oaks, and include both an abnormally warm winter and the subsequent severe freeze in spring (temperatures must fall to ≤ 23 °F or -5 °C). Major circulation changes over North America often occur from the warm to cold phase of false spring. An upper level trough over Southern California and surface high over the Southeast favor warm air advection into the Southern Plains during the warm phase. This pattern is usually replaced by a deep upper level trough over the central USA and a strong surface ridge often extending from Canada to Mexico during the cold phase. The resulting cold air advection often causes heavy damage to crops and native vegetation which are prematurely advanced by the preceding mild weather. These false spring episodes include both climatological and meteorological signals, and the consistent registration of specific weather conditions by frost rings establishes the feasibility of “dendrometeorology”. Frost rings in oaks often form during La Nina events, and may reflect a tropical influence on both above and below average winter temperatures in the Southern Plains and Canada, respectively. Warm winters in the Southern Plains favor premature growth, and cold Canadian winters may help explain the severity of the late cold wave which terminates false spring. False spring occurrence has been nonrandom over the past 331 years, and the many one- and three-year intervals between events may partially reflect La Nina forcing. In contrast, an El Nino influence on the formation of bristlecone pine frost rings and light rings in Canadian black spruce has been detected in previously published chronologies. The co-occurrence of oak frost in spring followed by light rings in summer often reflects an enhanced La Nina-El Nino cycle. An amplified El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may be suggested by the four such co-occurrences from 1814 to 1819, which could help explain many ambiguities in the worldwide temperature response to the cataclysmic eruption of Tambora in 1815. PB - Arizona State University VL - PhD UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=744592481&sid=13&Fmt=2&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree Rings of Shortleaf Pine (Pinus Echinata Mill.) As Indicators of Past Climatic Variability in North Central Georgia Y1 - 1988 A1 - Grissino-Mayer, Henri Dee AB - The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between ring widths of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) and various climatic factors. The growth series obtained from increment cores of twenty-two pine over 100 years of age were standardized by two separate methods, polynomial curve-fitting techniques and Box-Jenkins time series (ARMA) models, to compare and contrast the two master chronologies that were derived. Descriptive statistics indicated that residual autocorrelation was insignificant in the ARMA chronology, which also exhibited a higher mean sensitivity and standard deviation than did the chronology obtained with the polynomial option. Response function analysis indicated significant (p < 0.05) positive responses to precipitation in May and June of the current growing season, and significant negative responses to current June-September temperatures. Transfer function models using indices of the ARMA tree-ring chronology as the predictor variables were able to reconstruct June PDSI (r$\sbsp{\rm a}{2}$ = 0.26). September PHDI (r$\sbsp{\rm a}{2}$ = 0.38), DISP (Drought Index for Southern Pine) (r$\sbsp{\rm a}{2}$ = 0.27), and the May-September growing season precipitation total (r$\sbsp{\rm a}{2}$ = 0.39) to 1816. PB - University of Georgia VL - MA UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=754453701&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER - TY - THES T1 - A Time Series Analysis Approach to Tree Ring Standardization T2 - School of Renewable Natural Resources Y1 - 1985 A1 - Cook, Edward Roger AB -

The problem of standardizing closed-canopy forest ringwidth series is investigated. A biological model for the tree-ring standardization problem indicated that one class of non-climatic variance frequently responsible for standardization problems could be objectively minimized in theory. This is the variance caused by endogenous stand disturbances which create fluctuations in ringwidth series that are non-synchronous or out-of-phase when viewed across trees in a stand. A time series method based on the autoregressive process is developed which minimizes the timewise influence of endogenous disturbances in detrended ringwidth series. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) properties of this method are derived which indicate that autoregressive modelling and prewhitening of detrended ringwidth indices will result in a higher SNR when endogenous disturbances are present in the series. This enables the verification of the SNR theory and the error variance reduction property of the standardization method.

JF - School of Renewable Natural Resources PB - University of Arizona VL - PhD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree-ring Response Functions: An Evaluation by Means of Stimulations T2 - Geoscience Y1 - 1985 A1 - Cropper, John Philip AB - The problem of determining the response of tree ring width growth to monthly climate is examined in this study. The objective is to document which of the available regression methods are best suited to deciphering the complex link between tree growth variation and climate. Tree-ring response function analysis is used to determine which instrumental climatic variables are best associated with tree-ring width variability. Ideally such a determination would be accomplished, or verified, through detailed physiological monitoring of trees in their natural environment. A statistical approach is required because such biological studies on mature trees are currently too time consuming to perform. The use of lagged climatic data to duplicate a biological, rather than a calendar, year has resulted in an increase in the degree of intercorrelation (multicollinearity) of the independent climate variables. The presence of multicollinearity can greatly affect the sign and magnitude of estimated regression coefficients. Using series of known response, the effectiveness of five different regression methods were objectively assessed in this study. The results from each of the 2000 regressions were compared to the known regression weights and a measure of relative efficiency computed. The results indicate that ridge regression analysis is, on average, four times more efficient (average relative efficiency of 4.57) than unbiased multiple linear regression at producing good coefficient estimates. The results from principal components regression are slight improvements over those from multiple linear regression with an average relative efficiency of 1.45. JF - Geoscience PB - University of Arizona VL - PhD UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=753282251&sid=28&Fmt=2&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree-Climate Relationships and Dendroclimatological Reconstruction in the British Isles Y1 - 1984 A1 - Briffa, Keith Raphael PB - University of East Anglia VL - PhD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree-Ring Characteristics of Baldcypress Growing in Varying Flooding Regimes in the Barataria Basin, Lousiana T2 - Marine Science Y1 - 1981 A1 - Bowers, Lynne Jordan AB - Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L. Rich.) is a desirable species for tree ring studies due to its longevity, resistance to decay, and the statistical characteristics of the ring record (Bowers, 1973). This investigation endeavors to determine: (1) the type and number of samples needed for such studies; (2) the values of x-ray densitometry analysis with the species; (3) the usefulness of the data for delineating differences in swamp sites which differ in length of flooding and if these differences could affect wood quality; and (4) the appropriateness of the data from disturbed swamp sites in south Louisiana to dendroclimatic studies. Differences exist in eight sample types. Furrow samples have a large number of missing and/or merging growth rings, are difficult to measure, and their statistical characteristics are no better than those of lobe samples. Compass direction is not significant but south samples contain twice as many resinous bands. Over 50% of the chronology variance is accounted for by differences among core chronologies. Thus, it is beneficial to take two or more samples per tree. A sample size of 120, four cores from thirty trees, is required to reduce the standard error of the sample mean to .05 or less. X-ray densitometry did not alleviate problems with crossdating and false rings which are common with baldcypress. Although statistical characteristics of the density parameters do not indicate their use in dendroclimatic studies, the density data are significantly correlated with both mean monthly precipitation and temperature. A shift in hydrology from permanently to seasonally flooded enhanced wood production in good years; and, maximum latewood became more homogeneous among trees. Wide rings are characterized by increases in density and more abrupt ring profiles. Maximum latewood and minimum earlywood vary together; the greatest difference in ring uniformity is due to changes in maximum latewood. The statistics generated indicate that dendroclimatic studies of baldcypress in south Louisiana should prove fruitful. Evidence demonstrates that the species will be useful in analyzing regional anomalies, such as the low winter temperatures of the 1960’s and 1976-79, and that baldcypress data may be able to be pooled with data from other species. JF - Marine Science PB - Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College VL - PhD UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=751675381&sid=14&Fmt=2&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tempests, Freshets and Mackerel Skies; Climatoligical Data from Diaries using Content Analysis T2 - History Y1 - 1980 A1 - Baron, William R. AB - For most of this century members of the scientific community have been studying the record of and reason for climate change. The realization that we in the Northern Hemisphere have been living during a period of abnormally warm temperatures and relatively settled conditions which now may be changing, has spawned considerable recent research. Why do climates change and what is the impact of these changes on human populations? In their attempt to answer these questions, researchers have turned to the past to test their hypotheses and to gather evidence of climate change. JF - History PB - University of Maine at Orono VL - PhD UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=749698611&sid=10&Fmt=2&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree Rings and Air Pollution: A Case Study on Pinus Monophylla Growing in East-Central Nevada T2 - Geoscience Y1 - 1980 A1 - Thompson, Marna Ares AB - Five stands of Pinus monophylla (single-needle pinyon pine) from east-central Nevada were sampled and analyzed using dendrochronological methods to detect the effects of climate and copper smelter effluent on annual ring-width growth. Tree-ring chronologies were developed for two pollution sites near the smelter and for three control sites. All chronologies are highly and positively correlated before smelting began in 1908, but after that date there is a significant decrease in the correlation of the chronology from the most polluted site with the other chronologies. The results of a response function analysis suggest that trees on the most polluted site are limited by both climate and air pollution. An increase in the amount of low-frequency variance in the chronology from the most polluted site is attributed to a decrease in ring-width growth from 1910-1930 followed by and increase in growth which may have been caused by some change in the trees’ environment due to copper smelter effluent. JF - Geoscience PB - University of Arizona VL - MS ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree-Ring Dating of Selected Arkansas Log Buildings Y1 - 1978 A1 - Stahle, David W. PB - University of Arkansas VL - MA ER - TY - THES T1 - A Tree Ring Analysis of Four Tree Species Growing in Southeastern New York State T2 - Geoscience Y1 - 1976 A1 - Cook, Edward Roger JF - Geoscience PB - University of Arizona VL - MS ER - TY - THES T1 - Theorie Astronomique des Paleoclimats, Volume I & Volume II Y1 - 1973 A1 - Berger, Andre L. PB - Université catholique de Louvain VL - PhD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree-Ring Dating of the Bald Cypress (Taxodium Distichum [L] Rich.) in the Lower Mississippi Valley T2 - Biology Y1 - 1973 A1 - Bowers, Lynne Jordan AB - The purpose of this study is to determine if bald cypress (Taxodium distichum [L] Rich.) can be used satisfactorily for tree ring dating and, if so, to establish a master tree ring chronology for the area referred to as the “sunk lands.” (no abstract provided, taken from introduction p.1) JF - Biology PB - Arkansas State University VL - MS ER - TY - THES T1 - A Theoretical Investigation of the Evolution of a Cloud Droplet Population as Determined by Collision and Coalescence T2 - Atmospheric Sciences Y1 - 1972 A1 - Long, Alexis Boris AB - Droplet growth by collision and coalescence is important in the development of precipitation in convective clouds. Adequate consideration of these processes in theoretical cloud models requires knowing their effect on the spectral distribution function n(x,t)dx giving the mean number density of droplets with radii or volume in the interval x to x + dx at time t. Presently, n(x,t) is obtained by numerically solving either a stochastic transport equation for n(x,t), know as the coalescence or collection equation, or an approximation to it. Either technique is computationally time-consuming when placed in the larger context of two- or three- dimensional cloud models incorporating microphysical processes. This dissertation is a partial contribution toward a parametric description of n(x,t) designed to simplify the evaluation of n(x,t) and permit the ready incorporation of collection effects into cloud models. A parametruc description of n(x,t) is viewed here as a function of x and t containing... JF - Atmospheric Sciences PB - University of Arizona VL - PhD UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=760225941&sid=2&Fmt=1&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree-Ring Dating and Archaeology in South Dakota T2 - Anthropology Y1 - 1968 A1 - Weakly, Ward Fredrick AB - In 1964 a study of the feasibility of applying the methods of tree-ring research to wood collected in South Dakota was undertaken by the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona… JF - Anthropology PB - University of Arizona VL - PhD UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=757411981&sid=5&Fmt=1&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree-Ring Materials as a Basis for Cultural Interpretations T2 - Anthropology Y1 - 1967 A1 - Robinson, William J. AB -

Since 1963, the Laboratory of Tree-ring Research has been engaged in a systematic reanalysis of all samples from the prehistoric Southwest. Particular emphasis has been placed on archaeological controls of the samples to enhance the chronological interpretations. In the course of this work, other characteristics of the samples were noted that opened the way for deductions regarding nonchronological attributes of the prehistorically-used wood…

JF - Anthropology PB - University of Arizona VL - PhD ER - TY - THES T1 - Tree-Ring Dating of Archaeological Sites in the Chaco Canyon Region, New Mexico T2 - Anthropology Y1 - 1960 A1 - Bannister, Bryant AB - A total of 828 tree-ring dates, representing 46 different sites in the Chaco Canyon region of northwestern new Mexico, has been compiled from published references, records of the Laboratory of Tree-Rig Research at the University of Arizona, and recent dating work carried out by the writer. When ever possible, these dates have been presented individually along with the species, type of sample, and site provenience of every dated specimen, and an accounting has been given of the collection and present location of the pieces, the people responsible for the dating, and any previous publication of the dates. Each dated site has been discussed with respect to name, location, description, excavation, and the temporal relationship between the site and the associated tree-ring dates. It has been shown that the correct archaeological interpretation of dates depends upon the satisfactory solution of two basic problems: (1) the time relationship that exists between the date of the specimen and the archaeological manifestation being dated, and (2) the complicating factor introduced by the possibility of exterior rings lost from a dated tree-ring sample. A third requisite for correct interpretation, and understanding of the symbols used in the listing of dates, has necessitated a detailed explanation of the various forms of presentation used with Chaco Canon region dates. An analysis of all the dates has revealed five broad occupational periods for the region, four of them delineated by the temporal clustering of dated sites, and a fifth period (typified by Mesa Verde sites) distinguishable mainly through archaeological considerations. The five periods cover a span of 13 centuries from the late 800’s to the present day are characterized by (1) pithouse sites (2) classic Chaco sites, (3) Mesa Verde sites, (4) Navajo-Refugee Pueblo sites, and (5) Navajo sites. JF - Anthropology PB - University of Arizona VL - PhD UR - http://ezproxy.library.arizona.edu/login?url=http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=763297551&sid=4&Fmt=1&clientId=43922&RQT=309&VName=PQD ER -