<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margolis, Ellis Quinn</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swetnam, T.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stand Replacing Fire History and Aspen Ecology in the Upper Rio Grande Basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Renewable Natural Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aspen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">colorado</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conifer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dendrochronology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dendroecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">new mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rio grande</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spruce fir</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand replacing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree ring</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucson</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master of Science</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Dendroecological techniques were applied to reconstruct stand-replacing fire history in mixed conifer and spruce-fir forests in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. Stand-replacing fire dates with annual accuracy and precision were determined using four lines of evidence for each of twelve sites within a 75,000 square kilometer area. The four lines of evidence were: (1) aspen inner-ring dates, (2) conifer death dates, (3) tree-ring width changes, or other morphological indicators of injury, and (4) fire scars. The annual precision of dating allowed the identification of significant synchrony of stand replacing fires among the 12 sites and regional surface fire events previously reconstructed from the large network of fire scar collections in the Southwest. Nearly all of these synchronous stand-replacing and surface fire years coincided with extreme droughts. This suggests that stand-replacing fire activity occurred primarily when drought conditions allowed fires to ignite and spread within these high elevation forests and/or for the spread of surface fires between lower and upper elevations. Fifty percent of reconstructed stand-replacing fires pre-dated large-scale Euro-American settlement in this region. This may suggest that land use practices (such as logging and mining) were not as important in promoting stand-replacing fires in these study sites, as compared with other areas in Colorado.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abolt,Rena Ann Peck</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swetnam, T.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire Histories of Upper Elevation Forests in the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico via Fire Scar and Stand Age Structure Analyses</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Renewable Natural Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dendrochronology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire regime</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire scar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gila wilderness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">new mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suppression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree ring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">upper elevation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucson</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master of Science</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fire-scar analysis to identify fire events and stand age structure analysis to identify fire effects on survivorship of trees were used to reconstruct surface and crown fire regimes in upper elevation forests of the Gila Wilderness, NM. Fire regimes varied across forest type, but not necessarily across elevation. Prior to the twentieth century, (from 1706 to 1904), the mean interval for large fires was 8 years. During the twentieth century, (from 1904 to 1995), the mean fire return interval for large fires was 46 years. The virtual end of historically frequent fire regimes due to livestock grazing and fire suppression since the turn of the century has affected successional pathways of forest types across elevations, favoring later successional forest species and structures.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morino, Kiyomi Ann</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swetnam, T.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reconstruction and Interpretation of Historical Patterns of Fire Occurrence in the Organ Mountains, New Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Renewable Natural Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dendrochronology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fillmore canyon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">historical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">new mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organ mountains</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">reconstruction</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucson</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master of Science</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;The purpose of this research was to reconstruct and interpret the history of fire in the Organ Mountains, New Mexico. I used dendrochronological techniques to date fire scars on 90 trees comprising ten sites within the Fillmore Canyon watershed. Two fire regimes were identified during the pre-settlement period. Fire Regime I, 1650-1805, was characterized by a high fire frequency (ca. once every two years) and a predominance of patchy fires. Fire Regime II, 1805-1874, was characterized by a lower fire frequency (ca. once every 3.5 years) and a predominance of widespread fires. During the post-settlement period fire was virtually non-existent. I hypothesize that Apache use-of-fire influenced patterns during the pre-settlement period, while Euro-American land use activities influenced patterns during the post-settlement period. Fire-precipitation associations suggest that low fuel moisture levels were a pre-condition for widespread fires.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swetnam, T.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire History of the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Renewable Natural Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crossdate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dendrochronology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire scar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gila national forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gila wilderness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">new mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus ponderosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ponderosa pine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree ring</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1983</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucson</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master of Science</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">156</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;A data base of fire occurrence was established for the Gila Wilderness by analyzing fire scars and compiling fire records. Cross sections of 44 fire scarred ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) were collected from three study areas. Crossdating of more than 800 individual fire scars revealed that extensive surface fires were a common occurrence prior to 1900. Mean fire intervals for a 250-year period prior to 1900 were approximately four to eight years and fire intervals ranged from one to 26 years. Intensive grazing and fire suppression efforts after 1900 resulted in a sudden decrease in number of fires recorded by the sample trees.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A 72-year record (1909-1980) of fire occurrence in the Gila National Forest was compiled from Forest Service records. The fire records and fire scar evidence suggest a need for continued emphasis on fuels reduction and greater flexibility in the Prescribed Natural Fire program.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record></records></xml>