<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wienk, Cody Lee</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restoring Ponderosa Pine Forests in the Black Hills, South Dakota</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Renewable Natural Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">black hills</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">overstory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pinus ponderosa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ponderosa pine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">prescribed fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">restoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil seed bank</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">south dakota</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">understory</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucson</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master of Science</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) forests have changed considerably during the past century, partly because recurrent fires have been absent for a century or more. In dense stands of ponderosa pine in the Black Hills of South Dakota, a layer of pine needles has replaced inderstory vegetation. I examined the disturbance history, soil seed bank, and effects of prescribed burning and overstory reduction on understory vegetation in a ponderosa pine stand in the northern Black Hills. Cessation of fires, prolific ponderosa pine regeneration, and logging led to a dense, even-aged stand with very little understory vegetation and few viable seeds in the soil seed bank. Understory vegetation did not respond to the restoration treatments the first growing season, but did respond the second growing season. Paucity of viable seeds in the soil seed bank does not appear to constrain recruitment of understory vegetation in dense ponderosa pine forests of South Dakota.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abolt,Rena Ann Peck</style></author></authors><tertiary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swetnam, T.</style></author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire Histories of Upper Elevation Forests in the Gila Wilderness, New Mexico via Fire Scar and Stand Age Structure Analyses</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">School of Renewable Natural Resources</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dendrochronology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire regime</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire scar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gila wilderness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">new mexico</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suppression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree ring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">upper elevation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">University of Arizona</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tucson</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Master of Science</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">English</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fire-scar analysis to identify fire events and stand age structure analysis to identify fire effects on survivorship of trees were used to reconstruct surface and crown fire regimes in upper elevation forests of the Gila Wilderness, NM. Fire regimes varied across forest type, but not necessarily across elevation. Prior to the twentieth century, (from 1706 to 1904), the mean interval for large fires was 8 years. During the twentieth century, (from 1904 to 1995), the mean fire return interval for large fires was 46 years. The virtual end of historically frequent fire regimes due to livestock grazing and fire suppression since the turn of the century has affected successional pathways of forest types across elevations, favoring later successional forest species and structures.&lt;/p&gt;</style></abstract></record></records></xml>