Bannister 110

We evaluated the radial growth response of adult Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl) Krasser trees affected by tephra deposition following historical volcanic eruptions of the Puyehue–Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex (PCCVC) in northern Patagonia. Standard tree–ring width chronologies were developed for trees from two sites that were affected by up to 55 cm of tephra during the 2011 eruption, which allowed us to detect the general tree–growth response to eruptions VEI ≥ 3 and VEI ≤ 2.

Soluble sugars (e.g. glucose, fructose and sucrose) and starch are the most abundant components of the non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) stored in woody tissues of the stem and roots. These compounds represent the most abundant C reserves in trees, contributing to plants survival and their resilience to adverse conditions. These compounds are involved in controlling and regulating photosynthate allocation between C supply and demand.

Research on the sociocultural complexity of the Eurasian steppe in the Bronze Age has been challenged by recent advances in the prehistorical calendar chronology derived from high-precision AMS carbon-14 measurements. The medley of archaeological cultures in the Southern Urals on the border between Russia and Kazakhstan is distinguished in space with the prominent typology of ancient ceramic and burial traditions.

In the southwestern U.S. the North American Monsoon (NAM) delivers summer precipitation from July – September and the rest is provided as snowmelt in early spring. Both periods serve as an important water source for plants, but due to the heterogeneous nature of the NAM, not all locations within the region receive precipitation, leading to differences in soil moisture.