Variability in the North Atlantic Ocean plays a significant role in moderating atmospheric climate variability over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere. However, there remain large uncertainties in our understanding of how the North Atlantic Ocean has varied in the past and the role of external forcings and internal mechanisms in driving this variability. These uncertainties largely stem from the short temporal and spatially heterogeneous nature of direct observations, that are typically constrained to the past 50 years.
