Northern Botswana and Namibia present semi-arid environment, where evaporation exceeds precipitation, interlaced by major river systems including the Zambezi, Kwando, and Okavango rivers. Water availability is the principal constraint on human livelihoods, ecosystems, and economic activities, with these rivers serving as critical resources for agriculture, domestic supply, fisheries, and tourism. Recent shifts in precipitation regimes are altering regional hydrological systems and affecting both ecosystems and water-dependent communities.
